Crop Improvement and Plant Propagation

Separating naturally detachable plant parts (like bulbs or tubers) or a clump to create new plants.

Vegetative propagation where specialized parts of the plants are cut into pieces with at least one bud.

Propagating plants by cutting a piece of root with buds that produce shoots or sprouts.

Common propagation method where segments of plant stems develop roots and grow into new plants.

Stem cuttings taken from dormant, leafless branches of the past season.

Stem cuttings from partially mature wood with buds.

Propagating plants using a leaf or part of a leaf and petiole.

Organs like bulbs, corms, tubers used for asexual reproduction of plants

A method of plant propagation using stem cuttings from young, actively growing wood.

Plant propagation using stem cuttings from herbaceous (non-woody) plants.

A plant propagation method where roots form on a stem while still attached to the parent plant.

A plant breeding method used to introduce desirable traits from a superior variety into a local variety.

A plant breeding method using multiple varieties for cross-pollination.

A plant breeding method involving crossing a hybrid with one of its parent varieties.

Mating of closely related individuals to produce homozygous individuals.

The product of inbreeding, a plant variety with homozygous traits.

Increased vigor and productivity of hybrid offspring compared to their parent lines.

The performance difference between the hybrid and the average performance of its two parents.

The performance difference between the hybrid and its better-performing parent.

The performance difference between the hybrid and a standard check variety in a region.

A genotype's potential to transfer its desirable traits to its offspring.

The average performance of a genotype across multiple crosses with different testers.

Deviation from predicted performance based on general combining ability of parents.

Reduced vigor and fitness in offspring due to inbreeding.

The total variation in a trait among individuals, influenced by genes and environment.

The variation in a trait due to differences in genes among individuals.

Individual effects of genes on a trait, where each gene contributes independently to the overall phenotype.

Interaction between alleles at the same locus (gene location).

The heterozygote has a phenotype outside the range of both homozygotes.

Variation in a trait caused by differences in environmental conditions.

The proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to genetic differences among individuals.

The percentage of individuals selected for breeding from a population.

A change in chromosome number involving one or more complete sets of chromosomes. Examples include triploids (3 sets), tetraploids (4 sets), and pentaploids (5 sets).

A polyploid species where all the chromosome sets are identical. For example, a tetraploid where all four sets of chromosomes come from the same species.

A polyploid species where the chromosome sets come from two or more distinct species.

An allopolyploid with two copies of each distinct genome. It exhibits regular meiosis, producing fertile offspring.

The process where individuals with advantageous traits for survival and reproduction are more likely to pass those traits on to future generations, causing a shift in gene frequencies.

Human-driven selection of individuals with desired traits to be used as parents for the next generation, leading to changes in gene frequencies.

A type of selection that favors individuals with traits close to the average, leading to a decrease in variability within a population.

A type of selection that favors individuals with traits at one extreme of the range, leading to a shift in the population's average traits over time.

The original source of seeds, produced by plant breeders. These seeds are 100% pure and used to create foundation seeds.

Seeds produced from breeder seeds, maintaining high quality standards. They're the highest form of certified seeds in the market and used to produce registered and certified seeds.

Seeds produced from foundation or breeder seeds, meeting specific quality standards set by the certifying agency. They are typically used for commercial production and to produce certified seeds.

Seeds produced from foundation, registered, or certified seeds, meeting quality standards, and can be used for commercial production but not to produce more certified seeds.

Seeds produced from varieties not yet approved by the National Seed Industry Council (previously Philippine Seed Board), but may meet standards set by other certifying agencies.

The process of adapting a plant from its wild form for human use. This involves selective breeding and changes in the plant's genes.

The wild ancestor of corn, with a small, brittle cob and easily dispersed seeds.

The use of living organisms or their components for useful products. This includes traditional methods like making wine or bread, as well as modern techniques in genetic engineering.