Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary method used in separation propagation?
What is the primary method used in separation propagation?
Which of the following specialized organs is NOT mentioned as a method of propagation?
Which of the following specialized organs is NOT mentioned as a method of propagation?
Which type of cutting is specifically useful for plants with thick and heavy leaves?
Which type of cutting is specifically useful for plants with thick and heavy leaves?
What defines hardwood cuttings in plant propagation?
What defines hardwood cuttings in plant propagation?
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What condition must be met for stem cuttings to develop adventitious roots?
What condition must be met for stem cuttings to develop adventitious roots?
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Which of the following best describes the process of division in plant propagation?
Which of the following best describes the process of division in plant propagation?
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What distinguishes semi-hardwood cuttings from hardwood cuttings?
What distinguishes semi-hardwood cuttings from hardwood cuttings?
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Which plant species would typically be propagated through root cuttings?
Which plant species would typically be propagated through root cuttings?
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What is a characteristic of softwood cuttings?
What is a characteristic of softwood cuttings?
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What effect does using a root-promoting chemical have on herbaceous stem cuttings?
What effect does using a root-promoting chemical have on herbaceous stem cuttings?
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What is the primary purpose of layering in plant propagation?
What is the primary purpose of layering in plant propagation?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of graftage mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of graftage mentioned?
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What is an example of primary introduction in crop improvement?
What is an example of primary introduction in crop improvement?
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What process leads to the production of homozygous individuals in crop improvement?
What process leads to the production of homozygous individuals in crop improvement?
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Which of the following mating systems involves a cross between a single parent and its hybrid offspring?
Which of the following mating systems involves a cross between a single parent and its hybrid offspring?
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What characterizes the creation of new variability in crops?
What characterizes the creation of new variability in crops?
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What is euploidy?
What is euploidy?
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Which term describes an allopolyploid that has two copies of each genome?
Which term describes an allopolyploid that has two copies of each genome?
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What is individuals' selection based on natural survival and reproductive abilities known as?
What is individuals' selection based on natural survival and reproductive abilities known as?
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Which mode of selection reduces variability in a population?
Which mode of selection reduces variability in a population?
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What do quantitative traits represent?
What do quantitative traits represent?
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Which of the following describes aneuploidy?
Which of the following describes aneuploidy?
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What is the characteristic of diversifying selection?
What is the characteristic of diversifying selection?
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In the context of selection, what does GxE represent?
In the context of selection, what does GxE represent?
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What is the primary characteristic of breeder seeds?
What is the primary characteristic of breeder seeds?
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What percentage of purity is required for foundation seeds?
What percentage of purity is required for foundation seeds?
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Which class of seeds is produced from breeder or foundation seeds and can carry a green tag?
Which class of seeds is produced from breeder or foundation seeds and can carry a green tag?
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What is the main function of certified seeds?
What is the main function of certified seeds?
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What does cryopreservation refer to in germplasm storage?
What does cryopreservation refer to in germplasm storage?
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How did domestication affect modern corn compared to its progenitor, Teosinte?
How did domestication affect modern corn compared to its progenitor, Teosinte?
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Which term refers to varieties not yet approved by the National Seed Industry Council?
Which term refers to varieties not yet approved by the National Seed Industry Council?
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Which of the following best describes biotechnology?
Which of the following best describes biotechnology?
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What is mid-parent heterosis based on?
What is mid-parent heterosis based on?
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What does the general combining ability (GCA) primarily identify?
What does the general combining ability (GCA) primarily identify?
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Which hypothesis suggests that heterosis results from the accumulation of favorable dominant genes?
Which hypothesis suggests that heterosis results from the accumulation of favorable dominant genes?
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Which mechanism promotes cross-pollination with male and female flowers on separate plants?
Which mechanism promotes cross-pollination with male and female flowers on separate plants?
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What type of heterosis has practical importance for breeders?
What type of heterosis has practical importance for breeders?
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Which of the following statements regarding inbreeding depression is true?
Which of the following statements regarding inbreeding depression is true?
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What is included in the calculation of phenotypic variance?
What is included in the calculation of phenotypic variance?
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Which type of gene action results in the heterozygote's value being equal to the dominant homozygote?
Which type of gene action results in the heterozygote's value being equal to the dominant homozygote?
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What defines specific combining ability (SCA)?
What defines specific combining ability (SCA)?
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How is environmental variance estimated?
How is environmental variance estimated?
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In which mechanism do flowers not open at all, ensuring self-pollination?
In which mechanism do flowers not open at all, ensuring self-pollination?
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What does narrow-sense heritability estimate?
What does narrow-sense heritability estimate?
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Selection differential refers to what?
Selection differential refers to what?
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Which form of dominance occurs when the heterozygote has a value outside the range of the two homozygotes?
Which form of dominance occurs when the heterozygote has a value outside the range of the two homozygotes?
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What is the main purpose of measuring GxE interaction?
What is the main purpose of measuring GxE interaction?
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Which factor is NOT part of calculating gain from selection?
Which factor is NOT part of calculating gain from selection?
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Flashcards
Propagation by Separation
Propagation by Separation
Separating naturally detachable plant parts (like bulbs or tubers) or a clump to create new plants.
Propagation by Division
Propagation by Division
Vegetative propagation where specialized parts of the plants are cut into pieces with at least one bud.
Root Cutting
Root Cutting
Propagating plants by cutting a piece of root with buds that produce shoots or sprouts.
Stem Cutting
Stem Cutting
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Hardwood Cuttings
Hardwood Cuttings
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Semi-hardwood Cuttings
Semi-hardwood Cuttings
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Leaf Cutting
Leaf Cutting
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Specialized Organs for Propagation
Specialized Organs for Propagation
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Softwood cuttings
Softwood cuttings
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Herbaceous stem cuttings
Herbaceous stem cuttings
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Layering
Layering
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Topcross
Topcross
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Polycross
Polycross
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Backcross
Backcross
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Inbreeding
Inbreeding
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Inbred
Inbred
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Heterosis
Heterosis
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Mid-parent Heterosis
Mid-parent Heterosis
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Heterobeltiosis
Heterobeltiosis
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Standard Heterosis
Standard Heterosis
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Combining Ability
Combining Ability
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General Combining Ability (GCA)
General Combining Ability (GCA)
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Specific Combining Ability (SCA)
Specific Combining Ability (SCA)
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Inbreeding Depression
Inbreeding Depression
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Phenotypic Variance
Phenotypic Variance
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Genotypic Variance
Genotypic Variance
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Additive Gene Action
Additive Gene Action
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Intralocus Interaction
Intralocus Interaction
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Overdominance
Overdominance
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Environmental Variance
Environmental Variance
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Heritability
Heritability
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Selection Intensity
Selection Intensity
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Euploidy
Euploidy
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Autopolyploid
Autopolyploid
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Allopolyploid
Allopolyploid
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Amphidiploid
Amphidiploid
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Artificial Selection
Artificial Selection
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Stabilizing Selection
Stabilizing Selection
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Directional Selection
Directional Selection
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Breeder Seeds
Breeder Seeds
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Foundation Seeds
Foundation Seeds
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Registered Seeds
Registered Seeds
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Certified Seeds
Certified Seeds
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Good Seeds
Good Seeds
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Domestication
Domestication
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Teosinte
Teosinte
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Biotechnology
Biotechnology
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Study Notes
Crop Improvement and Seed Selection
- Crop improvement is synonymous with plant breeding
- Plant breeding involves hybridization and selection
- The ultimate goal of crop improvement is increased yield to meet growing population demands
- Mendelian principles are fundamental to crop improvement
- Gene expression is a critical aspect of crop improvement
- New hybrid varieties of crops have been developed in various groups (cereals, legumes, vegetables, fruits, fiber)
- Hybrid varieties often display improved characteristics such as higher protein content in kernels.
Plant Propagation
- Plant propagation is the process of creating new plants through sexual or asexual means
- Sexual propagation involves the union of pollen and egg
- Asexual propagation involves using plant parts to regenerate a new plant
- Methods of propagation include separation/division, cuttings, layering, and grafting
Seed Germination
- Seed germination is a series of events initiating metabolic activity and seedling growth from a quiescent seed.
- Factors influencing successful germination include viability of the embryo, water availability, oxygen availability, and optimum temperature
- Two types of germination are epigeal (cotyledons above ground) and hypogeal (cotyledons below ground)
- Seed dormancy is a physiological condition preventing germination despite favorable conditions. This can be due to physical or chemical factors
General Methods of Crop Improvement
- Creation of new variations is crucial to crop improvement
- Techniques for creating variation include domestication, germplasm collection, introducing new varieties, and mutations
- Methods for selection include mass selection, pureline selection, pedigree selection, and recurrent selection
Conservation of Germplasm
- Germplasm refers to the genetic material of a species
- Centers of biodiversity are important for collecting germplasm
- Techniques for storing germplasm include seed storage in cold environments, maintaining living plants in fields, or through in vitro culture.
Plant Breeding Using Biotechnology
- Biotechnology techniques enhance crop improvement via methods such as micropropagation, embryo culture, anther culture, and protoplast fusion.
- Recombinant DNA technology can introduce desirable genes into crops, leading to transgenic varieties
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Description
This quiz covers the essential topics of crop improvement, seed selection, and plant propagation techniques. It includes fundamental principles such as Mendelian genetics and methods of sexual and asexual reproduction. Test your knowledge on hybrid varieties and seed germination processes.