Crop Improvement and Plant Propagation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method used in separation propagation?

  • Separating a clump into portions with root systems (correct)
  • Using seeds to propagate plants
  • Cutting plant parts into sections aimed at generating new plants
  • Rooting branches placed in water
  • Which of the following specialized organs is NOT mentioned as a method of propagation?

  • Pollen (correct)
  • Corm
  • Bulb
  • Offset
  • Which type of cutting is specifically useful for plants with thick and heavy leaves?

  • Root cutting
  • Herbaceous cutting
  • Stem cutting
  • Leaf cutting (correct)
  • What defines hardwood cuttings in plant propagation?

    <p>Leafless branches from the previous growing season (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition must be met for stem cuttings to develop adventitious roots?

    <p>They need to be placed in a warm, humid environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of division in plant propagation?

    <p>Separating a clump into several portions, each with a root system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes semi-hardwood cuttings from hardwood cuttings?

    <p>They are taken from partially mature wood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant species would typically be propagated through root cuttings?

    <p>Apple (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of softwood cuttings?

    <p>They should be made with leaves intact. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does using a root-promoting chemical have on herbaceous stem cuttings?

    <p>Reduces the time needed for rooting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of layering in plant propagation?

    <p>To form adventitious roots while attached to the parent plant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of graftage mentioned?

    <p>Topcross (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of primary introduction in crop improvement?

    <p>Releasing an introduced variety without alteration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the production of homozygous individuals in crop improvement?

    <p>Inbreeding related individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mating systems involves a cross between a single parent and its hybrid offspring?

    <p>Backcross (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the creation of new variability in crops?

    <p>Introducing new genetic material and manipulating traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is euploidy?

    <p>A change in chromosome number involving one or more complete genomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an allopolyploid that has two copies of each genome?

    <p>Amphidiploid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is individuals' selection based on natural survival and reproductive abilities known as?

    <p>Natural selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of selection reduces variability in a population?

    <p>Stabilizing selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do quantitative traits represent?

    <p>Continuous traits that are highly influenced by the environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes aneuploidy?

    <p>Change in chromosome number involving one or a few chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of diversifying selection?

    <p>It leads to formation of distinct subpopulations or polymorphism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of selection, what does GxE represent?

    <p>The interaction between genotype and environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of breeder seeds?

    <p>They are the starting point for all subsequent classes of seeds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of purity is required for foundation seeds?

    <p>98% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of seeds is produced from breeder or foundation seeds and can carry a green tag?

    <p>Registered seeds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of certified seeds?

    <p>To be sold commercially for crop production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cryopreservation refer to in germplasm storage?

    <p>Freeze-preservation of seeds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did domestication affect modern corn compared to its progenitor, Teosinte?

    <p>Modern corn retains seeds more effectively on the ear. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to varieties not yet approved by the National Seed Industry Council?

    <p>Good seeds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes biotechnology?

    <p>The use of living organisms or their components to create useful products. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mid-parent heterosis based on?

    <p>Comparison with the average performance of the two parents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the general combining ability (GCA) primarily identify?

    <p>Additive genetic effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis suggests that heterosis results from the accumulation of favorable dominant genes?

    <p>Dominance hypothesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism promotes cross-pollination with male and female flowers on separate plants?

    <p>Dioecy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heterosis has practical importance for breeders?

    <p>Standard heterosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding inbreeding depression is true?

    <p>It leads to a loss in vigor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the calculation of phenotypic variance?

    <p>Genotypic variance, environmental variance, and GxE variance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gene action results in the heterozygote's value being equal to the dominant homozygote?

    <p>Complete dominance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines specific combining ability (SCA)?

    <p>Deviation from performance based on GCA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is environmental variance estimated?

    <p>By measuring variation in a genotypically uniform population in a specific location (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which mechanism do flowers not open at all, ensuring self-pollination?

    <p>Cleistogamy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does narrow-sense heritability estimate?

    <p>The ratio of genetic variance to phenotypic variance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selection differential refers to what?

    <p>The difference between the mean of selected genotypes and the overall population mean (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of dominance occurs when the heterozygote has a value outside the range of the two homozygotes?

    <p>Over dominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of measuring GxE interaction?

    <p>To compute variances of genotypes grown in environmentally diverse locations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT part of calculating gain from selection?

    <p>Presence of genetic drift (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Propagation by Separation

    Separating naturally detachable plant parts (like bulbs or tubers) or a clump to create new plants.

    Propagation by Division

    Vegetative propagation where specialized parts of the plants are cut into pieces with at least one bud.

    Root Cutting

    Propagating plants by cutting a piece of root with buds that produce shoots or sprouts.

    Stem Cutting

    Common propagation method where segments of plant stems develop roots and grow into new plants.

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    Hardwood Cuttings

    Stem cuttings taken from dormant, leafless branches of the past season.

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    Semi-hardwood Cuttings

    Stem cuttings from partially mature wood with buds.

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    Leaf Cutting

    Propagating plants using a leaf or part of a leaf and petiole.

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    Specialized Organs for Propagation

    Organs like bulbs, corms, tubers used for asexual reproduction of plants

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    Softwood cuttings

    A method of plant propagation using stem cuttings from young, actively growing wood.

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    Herbaceous stem cuttings

    Plant propagation using stem cuttings from herbaceous (non-woody) plants.

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    Layering

    A plant propagation method where roots form on a stem while still attached to the parent plant.

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    Topcross

    A plant breeding method used to introduce desirable traits from a superior variety into a local variety.

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    Polycross

    A plant breeding method using multiple varieties for cross-pollination.

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    Backcross

    A plant breeding method involving crossing a hybrid with one of its parent varieties.

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    Inbreeding

    Mating of closely related individuals to produce homozygous individuals.

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    Inbred

    The product of inbreeding, a plant variety with homozygous traits.

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    Heterosis

    Increased vigor and productivity of hybrid offspring compared to their parent lines.

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    Mid-parent Heterosis

    The performance difference between the hybrid and the average performance of its two parents.

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    Heterobeltiosis

    The performance difference between the hybrid and its better-performing parent.

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    Standard Heterosis

    The performance difference between the hybrid and a standard check variety in a region.

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    Combining Ability

    A genotype's potential to transfer its desirable traits to its offspring.

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    General Combining Ability (GCA)

    The average performance of a genotype across multiple crosses with different testers.

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    Specific Combining Ability (SCA)

    Deviation from predicted performance based on general combining ability of parents.

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    Inbreeding Depression

    Reduced vigor and fitness in offspring due to inbreeding.

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    Phenotypic Variance

    The total variation in a trait among individuals, influenced by genes and environment.

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    Genotypic Variance

    The variation in a trait due to differences in genes among individuals.

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    Additive Gene Action

    Individual effects of genes on a trait, where each gene contributes independently to the overall phenotype.

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    Intralocus Interaction

    Interaction between alleles at the same locus (gene location).

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    Overdominance

    The heterozygote has a phenotype outside the range of both homozygotes.

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    Environmental Variance

    Variation in a trait caused by differences in environmental conditions.

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    Heritability

    The proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to genetic differences among individuals.

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    Selection Intensity

    The percentage of individuals selected for breeding from a population.

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    Euploidy

    A change in chromosome number involving one or more complete sets of chromosomes. Examples include triploids (3 sets), tetraploids (4 sets), and pentaploids (5 sets).

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    Autopolyploid

    A polyploid species where all the chromosome sets are identical. For example, a tetraploid where all four sets of chromosomes come from the same species.

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    Allopolyploid

    A polyploid species where the chromosome sets come from two or more distinct species.

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    Amphidiploid

    An allopolyploid with two copies of each distinct genome. It exhibits regular meiosis, producing fertile offspring.

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    Natural Selection

    The process where individuals with advantageous traits for survival and reproduction are more likely to pass those traits on to future generations, causing a shift in gene frequencies.

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    Artificial Selection

    Human-driven selection of individuals with desired traits to be used as parents for the next generation, leading to changes in gene frequencies.

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    Stabilizing Selection

    A type of selection that favors individuals with traits close to the average, leading to a decrease in variability within a population.

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    Directional Selection

    A type of selection that favors individuals with traits at one extreme of the range, leading to a shift in the population's average traits over time.

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    Breeder Seeds

    The original source of seeds, produced by plant breeders. These seeds are 100% pure and used to create foundation seeds.

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    Foundation Seeds

    Seeds produced from breeder seeds, maintaining high quality standards. They're the highest form of certified seeds in the market and used to produce registered and certified seeds.

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    Registered Seeds

    Seeds produced from foundation or breeder seeds, meeting specific quality standards set by the certifying agency. They are typically used for commercial production and to produce certified seeds.

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    Certified Seeds

    Seeds produced from foundation, registered, or certified seeds, meeting quality standards, and can be used for commercial production but not to produce more certified seeds.

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    Good Seeds

    Seeds produced from varieties not yet approved by the National Seed Industry Council (previously Philippine Seed Board), but may meet standards set by other certifying agencies.

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    Domestication

    The process of adapting a plant from its wild form for human use. This involves selective breeding and changes in the plant's genes.

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    Teosinte

    The wild ancestor of corn, with a small, brittle cob and easily dispersed seeds.

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    Biotechnology

    The use of living organisms or their components for useful products. This includes traditional methods like making wine or bread, as well as modern techniques in genetic engineering.

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    Study Notes

    Crop Improvement and Seed Selection

    • Crop improvement is synonymous with plant breeding
    • Plant breeding involves hybridization and selection
    • The ultimate goal of crop improvement is increased yield to meet growing population demands
    • Mendelian principles are fundamental to crop improvement
    • Gene expression is a critical aspect of crop improvement
    • New hybrid varieties of crops have been developed in various groups (cereals, legumes, vegetables, fruits, fiber)
    • Hybrid varieties often display improved characteristics such as higher protein content in kernels.

    Plant Propagation

    • Plant propagation is the process of creating new plants through sexual or asexual means
    • Sexual propagation involves the union of pollen and egg
    • Asexual propagation involves using plant parts to regenerate a new plant
    • Methods of propagation include separation/division, cuttings, layering, and grafting

    Seed Germination

    • Seed germination is a series of events initiating metabolic activity and seedling growth from a quiescent seed.
    • Factors influencing successful germination include viability of the embryo, water availability, oxygen availability, and optimum temperature
    • Two types of germination are epigeal (cotyledons above ground) and hypogeal (cotyledons below ground)
    • Seed dormancy is a physiological condition preventing germination despite favorable conditions. This can be due to physical or chemical factors

    General Methods of Crop Improvement

    • Creation of new variations is crucial to crop improvement
    • Techniques for creating variation include domestication, germplasm collection, introducing new varieties, and mutations
    • Methods for selection include mass selection, pureline selection, pedigree selection, and recurrent selection

    Conservation of Germplasm

    • Germplasm refers to the genetic material of a species
    • Centers of biodiversity are important for collecting germplasm
    • Techniques for storing germplasm include seed storage in cold environments, maintaining living plants in fields, or through in vitro culture.

    Plant Breeding Using Biotechnology

    • Biotechnology techniques enhance crop improvement via methods such as micropropagation, embryo culture, anther culture, and protoplast fusion.
    • Recombinant DNA technology can introduce desirable genes into crops, leading to transgenic varieties

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential topics of crop improvement, seed selection, and plant propagation techniques. It includes fundamental principles such as Mendelian genetics and methods of sexual and asexual reproduction. Test your knowledge on hybrid varieties and seed germination processes.

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