Crop Improvement Chapter VI

<p>Breeding high yielding wheat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edgar E. Hartwig (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are homozygous. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It utilizes hybrid vigor effectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rice produced by crossing two dissimilar homozygous parents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Double Cross (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not create new variation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Botany (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Requires minimal water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sweet potato (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breeding for insect resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sexual reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental interaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vegetative propagation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can propagate through methods like cutting and grafting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for the reproduction of seedless plant species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Layering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoecious crop (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They exhibit higher growth vigor than average parent plants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both self and cross pollinated crops (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain all four floral organs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>On different plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains both stamens and pistils in the same flower structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staminate flower (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of seeds without fertilization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To obtain superior varieties from different localities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gabi (taro) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inspection for insect pests and diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It utilizes physical appearance for selecting seeds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not allow for knowledge of genetic characteristics of grouped plants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quick separation of pure lines from mixed populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10-12 years or more (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are genetically identical. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in determining superiority due to heredity or environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps but slows down the overall selection process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to isolate superior genetic traits quickly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plants propagated asexually. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A structural unit in the cell nucleus that carries genes in a specific order.

The art and science of improving plant heredity for human benefit.

The unit of inheritance; a segment of DNA that codes for amino acid sequences.

The mathematical foundation of genetics, discovered by Gregor Mendel.

The ultimate goal of plant breeding.

A person credited with initiating the Green Revolution, a period of significant advancements in agricultural practices.

Organizations focused on developing new crop varieties through plant breeding.

Expertise needed by plant breeders, including botany, genetics, plant physiology, plant pathology, entomology, plant biochemistry, and statistics.

Desired traits for new crop varieties: high yield, adaptability, pest resistance, fast maturation, good storage, consumer preference, and machine suitability.

The process by which plants create offspring.

Plant reproduction that doesn't involve seeds or flowers.

Plant reproduction involving flowers and seeds.

Knowledge of plant biology (Botany, Taxonomy, Morphology, Reproduction), genetics, plant physiology, and more, to improve crops.

A type of asexual reproduction in plants, where new plants are produced from existing vegetative parts like stems, roots, or leaves.

Groups of plants produced asexually, all genetically identical to the original plant.

A form of asexual propagation where sections of roots are used to grow new plants.

A form of asexual propagation where sections of stems are used to grow new plants.

A form of asexual propagation where roots or buds develop on a branch while still attached to the parent plant, before being separated.

Joining a stem (scion) from one plant to the root system (stock) of another plant.

Increased vigor or growth in hybrid offspring compared to the average of their parents, often observed in sexually propagated plants.

A flower that has both male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive parts within the same structure.

A flower lacking either the stamen (male) or pistil (female) reproductive part. A plant can have either only stamen or only pistil.

A process of seed formation without fertilization. An embryo develops without the union of male and female gametes.

A breeding method where seeds from the best-looking individuals are collected and combined to produce the next generation.

Plant introduction expands the genetic diversity of crops, providing new sources of desirable traits for breeding.

Inspection ensures that introduced plants are free from pests and diseases that could spread to local crops.

Identification determines the specific variety and characteristics of a plant to ensure proper use and breeding strategies.

A method to improve crops by selecting and propagating the best-performing individuals from an existing clone.

The offspring resulting from the cross between two genetically distinct parents.

A type of hybrid produced by crossing two homozygous inbred lines.

A hybrid produced by crossing two single crosses.

Mass selection involves a series of steps, starting with the initial selection of plants with desirable traits. This is followed by preliminary yield trials where selected plants are compared against standard varieties. Over several generations, performance is continuously evaluated, leading to seed increase for distribution.

Mass selection offers benefits such as simplicity, lower costs, and reduced record-keeping requirements. It allows for natural selection to increase the frequency of superior genotypes within the population.

Mass selection has limitations, such as the inability to distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous plants, making it difficult to ensure genetic purity. It also faces challenges in determining whether desirable traits are due to genetics or environmental factors.

Pedigree selection, also known as individual selection, involves tracking the ancestry of individual plants and selecting the best performers based on their desirable traits and their progeny. This method aims to achieve genetic purity through repeated selections across generations.

Pedigree selection offers advantages, such as tracking the performance of individual plants and eliminating poor performers early on. It allows for rapid segregation of pure lines from a mixed population.

Pedigree selection has drawbacks, including complex record keeping, which can be time-consuming and expensive. It's not suitable for species where individuals are difficult to isolate and characterize.