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Who is known as the first person to lay the mathematical foundation of the science of genetics?
Who is known as the first person to lay the mathematical foundation of the science of genetics?
What is the primary objective of plant breeding?
What is the primary objective of plant breeding?
Which of the following best defines a gene?
Which of the following best defines a gene?
What major contribution is Norman E. Borlaug known for?
What major contribution is Norman E. Borlaug known for?
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Which plant breeder is recognized as the 'Father of Soybeans in the South'?
Which plant breeder is recognized as the 'Father of Soybeans in the South'?
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What is a key characteristic of clones?
What is a key characteristic of clones?
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Which of the following is a merit of clonal selection?
Which of the following is a merit of clonal selection?
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What defines hybrid rice?
What defines hybrid rice?
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Which type of hybrid cross involves the crossing of two single crosses?
Which type of hybrid cross involves the crossing of two single crosses?
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What is a limitation of clonal selection?
What is a limitation of clonal selection?
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Which plant breeding center is located in Mexico and specializes in maize?
Which plant breeding center is located in Mexico and specializes in maize?
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What is one of the key knowledge areas for modern plant breeders regarding the study of plants?
What is one of the key knowledge areas for modern plant breeders regarding the study of plants?
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Which goal is NOT typically associated with plant breeders when developing new hybrids?
Which goal is NOT typically associated with plant breeders when developing new hybrids?
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Which of the following plants is associated with the International Potato Center?
Which of the following plants is associated with the International Potato Center?
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Entomology knowledge in plant breeding is primarily related to which of the following?
Entomology knowledge in plant breeding is primarily related to which of the following?
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Which type of plant reproduction involves the creation of offspring through seeds?
Which type of plant reproduction involves the creation of offspring through seeds?
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What aspect of plant physiology must a modern breeder understand for effective variety adaptation?
What aspect of plant physiology must a modern breeder understand for effective variety adaptation?
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Which reproductive process involves producing offspring without seeds?
Which reproductive process involves producing offspring without seeds?
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What is a key characteristic of asexually propagated plants?
What is a key characteristic of asexually propagated plants?
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What is one benefit of vegetative propagation?
What is one benefit of vegetative propagation?
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What process involves the formation of roots before separating a propagule from the parent plant?
What process involves the formation of roots before separating a propagule from the parent plant?
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Which term describes a crop that has both male and female reproductive structures on the same plant?
Which term describes a crop that has both male and female reproductive structures on the same plant?
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What distinguishes hybrids in sexually propagated plants?
What distinguishes hybrids in sexually propagated plants?
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Which of the following forms of sexual reproduction would you classify plants that can be both self-fertilized and cross-pollinated?
Which of the following forms of sexual reproduction would you classify plants that can be both self-fertilized and cross-pollinated?
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What characteristic of complete flowers sets them apart from incomplete flowers?
What characteristic of complete flowers sets them apart from incomplete flowers?
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In a dioecious crop, where are the male and female flowers found?
In a dioecious crop, where are the male and female flowers found?
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What defines a plant with perfect flowers?
What defines a plant with perfect flowers?
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Which type of flower has both stamens and lacks pistils?
Which type of flower has both stamens and lacks pistils?
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What is apomixes?
What is apomixes?
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What is the primary purpose of plant introduction in crop breeding?
What is the primary purpose of plant introduction in crop breeding?
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Which of the following crops is originally from Southeast Asia?
Which of the following crops is originally from Southeast Asia?
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What is the first step a newly introduced plant undergoes?
What is the first step a newly introduced plant undergoes?
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Which kind of selection involves selecting individuals based on visible traits?
Which kind of selection involves selecting individuals based on visible traits?
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What is a key feature of mass selection?
What is a key feature of mass selection?
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What is a primary disadvantage of Mass Selection?
What is a primary disadvantage of Mass Selection?
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Which of the following is an advantage of Pedigree Selection?
Which of the following is an advantage of Pedigree Selection?
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How long does Pedigree Selection typically take to complete?
How long does Pedigree Selection typically take to complete?
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In Clonal Selection, what characterizes all members of a clone?
In Clonal Selection, what characterizes all members of a clone?
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What is a drawback associated with Mass Selection?
What is a drawback associated with Mass Selection?
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Why is extensive record keeping a disadvantage in Pedigree Selection?
Why is extensive record keeping a disadvantage in Pedigree Selection?
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Which aspect is not an advantage of Mass Selection?
Which aspect is not an advantage of Mass Selection?
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What is typically the primary target of Clonal Selection?
What is typically the primary target of Clonal Selection?
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Study Notes
Crop Improvement Chapter VI
- Crop improvement involves methods to improve plant heredity for human benefit.
- The goal of plant breeding is to achieve higher yields.
- Gregor Mendel is considered the founder of genetics.
- His work established the fundamental laws of Mendelian inheritance.
Plant Breeding
- Plant breeding is the art and science of improving plant heredity for the benefit of humankind.
Chromosome and Gene
- Chromosome - a structural unit in the nucleus that carries genes in a linear and constant order, preserving its identity through cell generations. Chromosome number is usually consistent within a species.
- Gene - the unit of inheritance located on the chromosome; a segment of DNA that determines an amino acid sequence in a polypeptide.
Some Known Plant Breeders
- Glen W. Burton: A distinguished forage crop breeder for the US Department of Agriculture, known for improving pearl millet and developing turf grasses.
- Edgar E. Hartwig: A soybean breeder for the USDA, often referred to as "The Father of Soybeans in the South."
- Norman E. Borlaug: Awarded the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to peace and humanity through the breeding of high-yielding wheat; sometimes called "The Father of the Green Revolution."
International Breeding Centers
- AVRDC (Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center): Located in Shanhua, Taiwan, focusing on Chinese cabbage, mungbean, pepper, tomato, and soybean.
- ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas): Based in Aleppo, Syria, researching barley, chickpea, faba beans, tropical forages, and wheat.
- CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center): Situated in Mexico, focusing on maize, triticale, and wheat.
- CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture): Located in Cali, Colombia, investigating dry beans, cassava, rice, and tropical forages.
- ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics): Located in Patancheru, India, studying chickpea, millets, peanuts, pigeonpeas, and sorghum.
- IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture): Located in Ibadan, Nigeria, focusing on cassava, cocoyam, cowpea, lima bean, maize, pigeon pea, rice, soybean, sweet potato, and winged bean yam.
- CIP (International Potato Center): Located in Lima, Peru, focusing on potatoes and sweet potatoes.
- IRRI (International Rice Research Institute): Located in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, focusing on rice.
Modern Plant Breeder Knowledge
- Botany - Taxonomy, morphology, reproduction of plants.
- Genetics and Cytogenetics - Mechanisms of heredity.
- Plant Physiology - Variety adaptation to their environment.
- Plant Pathology - Breeding for disease resistance.
- Entomology - Insect resistance.
- Plant Biochemistry - Suitability for industrial utilization.
- Statistics - Comparative performance of plant varieties.
- Agronomy - Understanding crops and their relative production.
Goals of Plant Breeders
- High yielding plants.
- Adaptability to different environments.
- Resistance to pests and diseases.
- Early maturing.
- Good storage qualities.
- Consumer preferences.
- Adapted to machinery.
Reproductive Processes of Plants
- Reproduction - the process by which plants produce offspring.
- Asexual Propagation:
- Vegetative propagation; the production of offspring without the union of gametes.
- Methods include: clones, root cuttings, stem cuttings, leaf cuttings, layering, grafting (side, tongue, cleft, splice).
- Sexual Propagation:
- Uses seeds to create new plants.
- Types of crosses include: single, double, three-way, top, multiple, back, crosses.
Methods of Crop Improvement
- Plant introduction
- Selection (mass & pedigree)
- Hybridization
Plant Introduction
- Obtaining superior varieties from other localities.
- Gathering diverse genotypes is the initial phase of a breeding program.
Selection (Mass and Pedigree)
- Criteria: Physical features, phenotype, yield, maturity.
- Mass Selection: Selecting and combining seeds from plants with desirable traits, no genetic tracing. Simpler but not as precise.
- Pedigree Selection: Method of selection which involves tracing desirable characteristics across generations, eliminating undesirable traits each generation until genetic purity is achieved. More precise than mass selection, but also more complex and time-consuming.
Clonal Selection
- Applies to vegetatively propagated plants.
- Selection of clones from a mixed population, based on phenotypic properties.
Hybridisation
- Combining traits from genetically distinct plants to produce a hybrid progeny.
- Types of Hybrid Crosses: single, double, three-way, top cross, multiple crosses, and backcross.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of crop improvement, focusing on plant heredity and the contributions of notable plant breeders. Understand the basics of plant breeding, genetics, and the principles of Mendelian inheritance crucial for achieving higher yields. This chapter provides insights into the work of pioneers like Gregor Mendel and modern plant breeders.
