Plant Breeding Concepts and Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What is mass selection primarily based on?

  • Observable characteristics (correct)
  • Genetic markers
  • Controlled breeding conditions
  • Plant gene sequencing

Which of the following is a disadvantage of mass selection?

  • It requires complex genetic analysis.
  • It randomly selects parents.
  • It allows for controlled breeding.
  • Success relies on initial population variation. (correct)

What role does heterozygosity play in cross-pollinated crops?

  • It enhances seed size.
  • It ensures uniformity among plants.
  • It promotes fruit coloration.
  • It is crucial for maintaining vigor. (correct)

Which of the following statements about mass selection is true?

<p>It is a simple and inexpensive method of selection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cross-pollinated crops?

<p>They rely on wind or insects for reproduction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pleiotropism in plant genetics?

<p>A condition where a single gene affects multiple traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of pure lines in plant breeding?

<p>They consist of individuals with a uniform genetic makeup. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes male sterility in plant breeding?

<p>It simplifies hybrid production by eliminating the need for emasculation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used in ear-to-row selection?

<p>Visual observations to identify desirable traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'clone' refer to in plant breeding?

<p>A group of genetically identical organisms from a single ancestor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue identified with the image?

<p>The image has poor lighting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does OCR stand for in the context of image transcription?

<p>Optical Character Recognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the text being poorly lit and blurry?

<p>Only some text is transcribable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is suggested to improve the situation with the image?

<p>Provide a clearer image. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of trying to transcribe text from a blurry image?

<p>Results that may be incorrect or incomplete. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary objective of plant breeding?

<p>To introduce permanent genetic modifications in plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe plants that have only one sex?

<p>Dioecious (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an objective of plant breeding?

<p>Creation of more difficult growing conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of self-incompatibility?

<p>Self-pollination fails while cross-pollination succeeds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the objective of improved tolerance to abiotic stress involve?

<p>Creating varieties resistant to extreme temperatures and drought (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition called when an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes?

<p>Polyploidy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which objective focuses on enhancing the economic returns from crops?

<p>Higher net income (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of polyploidy arises from the doubling of chromosome number within the same species?

<p>Auto-polyploidy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is targeted by improving disease resistance in plant breeding?

<p>Enhance the plants' ability to withstand diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants often require both male and female for commercial production?

<p>Hops (B), Spinach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial approach to plant breeding?

<p>An artistic process of selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Dominance Hypothesis imply about recessive traits?

<p>They are masked by dominant traits in heterozygotes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT an objective of plant breeding?

<p>Improving animal husbandry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Overdominance Hypothesis suggest about heterozygous conditions?

<p>They can be preferable due to combined beneficial effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a goal of improving yield quality in plant breeding?

<p>Enhancing disease resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT typically associated with plant breeding?

<p>Cultivation without selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of breeding programs to consider for meeting consumer needs?

<p>Storage and transportability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples of plant breeding is mentioned in the document?

<p>Hybrid 64 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about the content visible in the image?

<p>It is likely related to complex anatomical or medical topics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is mentioned regarding the image?

<p>The precise meaning is difficult to determine due to low resolution and blurring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the probable discussion in the image?

<p>A complex physiological concept, possibly anatomical or medical. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the instrument discussed in the content?

<p>More context is needed to understand the instrument being referred to. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem arises from the image's quality?

<p>The low resolution obscures the precise meaning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of genetic improvement in plant breeding?

<p>Improving genetic traits such as yield and disease resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism helps prevent self-pollination in plants?

<p>Heterostyly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is repeated cross-breeding important in plant breeding?

<p>To achieve desired traits in new generations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of developing disease-resistant plant varieties?

<p>Increasing labor costs in farming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of developing early-maturing varieties in plant breeding?

<p>To meet the demands of fast-growing markets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does male-sterility play in plant cross-pollination?

<p>It prevents self-pollination by making pollen ineffective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is essential for developing high yield varieties?

<p>Resistance to extreme weather conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be accomplished by extending crops to new areas?

<p>Enhanced genetic diversity in agriculture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene pool includes species able to produce fertile offspring through hybridization?

<p>Primary Gene Pool (GP1) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of synthetic varieties?

<p>Obtained by repeated crossing among different lines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the bulk method of breeding?

<p>Mixing all individuals in a generation and performing head selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a phenomenon where hybrids show increased vigor and yield?

<p>Hybrid Vigor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of pleiotropy in genetics?

<p>One gene affecting multiple traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of recurrent selection in plant breeding?

<p>To improve desirable traits while maintaining genetic diversity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which breeding method involves selecting superior rows of ears in maize?

<p>Ear-row Selection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of pure line selection?

<p>Limited variability among plants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does simple recurrent selection primarily focus on?

<p>Rapidly fixing genes within a line (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe a genetically identical copy of a plant?

<p>Clone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can simple recurrent selection lead to limitations?

<p>It leads to rapid gene fixation with limited recombination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the backcross method operate in plant breeding?

<p>By crossing a superior line with another parent to preserve useful traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait should be prioritized when using recurrent selection?

<p>Traits with high heritability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of genetic diversity is important in recurrent selection?

<p>It should be maintained to ensure ongoing trait improvements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of utilizing different forms of recurrent selection?

<p>It allows for continued enhancements while preserving genetic variability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method mentioned for recurrent selection?

<p>Random selection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plant Breeding

The process of selecting and breeding plants with desirable traits to improve their characteristics.

Overdominance Hypothesis

The idea that having two different alleles for a gene can be more beneficial than having two identical alleles.

Dominance Hypothesis

The idea that dominant alleles are better than recessive alleles, so heterozygotes are advantageous because they display the dominant trait.

Increased Yield

A primary goal of plant breeding, aiming to increase the amount of food or other products produced per unit area.

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Improvement in Yield Quality

Improving qualities like disease resistance, nutritional content, and overall quality of the harvested product.

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Efficiency Enhancement

Creating varieties that are better at utilizing resources, like water and fertilizer, to produce more with less waste.

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Resistance to Diseases and Pests

Developing varieties that are resistant to common diseases and pests, reducing losses and improving crop survival.

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Inbreeding

A technique that involves mating closely related individuals to increase homozygosity, leading to the expression of recessive traits.

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What is pleiotropism?

When a single gene affects multiple traits, it's called pleiotropism.

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What is fixation of heterosis?

The process of maintaining and increasing the beneficial characteristics of hybrid plants for multiple generations.

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What is a clone?

A group of organisms that are genetically identical and originated from a single ancestral cell or organism.

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What is a pure line?

Descendants of individuals with a uniform genetic makeup that have not undergone any genetic changes.

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What is ear-to-row selection?

A plant breeding method that involves selecting desirable individuals from a population and using their seeds to produce the next generation.

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Primary Gene Pool (GP1)

A group of related species or varieties where successful cross-breeding leads to fertile offspring. Think of it as the "closest family members" that can reproduce together.

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Secondary Gene Pool (GP2)

A group of organisms that can interbreed with the primary gene pool, but the offspring usually can't produce more offspring. Like cousins who can have children, but those children might have difficulty having their own.

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Bulk method (Breeding)

A type of breeding that involves mixing all individuals of a generation (think of a big pool of seeds) and then selecting the best ones for the next generation.

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Hybrid Vigor

Hybrids are offspring of two different parents with distinct traits. Think of mixing two different colors of paint to create a new color.

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Synthetic Variety

A variety of plants that are created by repeatedly crossing different lines. Think of mixing different ingredients to create a special recipe.

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Composite Variety

A variety of plants made up of diverse lines with desirable traits. Imagine a team of athletes with different strengths, each bringing something special to the team.

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Pleiotropy

It's a situation where one gene affects multiple traits. Imagine a single switch controlling many different lights.

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Pure Line

A group of plants with similar desirable characteristics, descended from homozygous recessive genes. Think of similar siblings with matching genes.

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Clone

A group of organisms that are genetically identical. They originated from a single ancestral cell or organism.

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Ear-to-row selection

A plant breeding method where desirable individuals are selected from a population based on their ear characteristics. Their seeds are then used to produce the next generation.

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What is Mass Selection?

Breeding method where plants with desired traits are selected, their seeds pooled, and planted together. It relies on visible traits to identify good plants.

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What are advantages of Mass Selection?

Mass selection is simple and cheap, and it can quickly create new crop varieties.

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What are disadvantages of Mass Selection?

Mass selection relies on the existing variation in the population, so it can't create new characteristics. It also has no control over which parents are involved.

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What are Cross-Pollinated Crops?

Plants that reproduce by cross-pollination, meaning pollen from one plant fertilizes another.

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Why is diversity important for Cross-Pollinated Crops?

Significant genetic diversity (heterozygosity) is very important for cross-pollinated crops to maintain their vigor and good growth.

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Recurrent Selection

A method used in plant breeding to improve crop varieties by repeatedly selecting plants with desirable traits, crossing them, and then selecting desirable traits from the offspring.

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Simple Recurrent Selection

A type of recurrent selection where you select plants with the most desirable traits, cross them, and select again from their offspring. This process is repeated until the desired traits are consistently present in the population.

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Other Forms of Recurrent Selection

A method used to maintain or enhance genetic diversity in plants while selecting for desirable traits. This approach aims to improve the overall genetic makeup of the population.

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Procedure for Recurrent Selection

This method focuses on improving desirable traits in cross-pollinated crops while maintaining genetic diversity within the population. It involves selecting plants based on specific criteria and then crossing them to produce offspring with the desirable traits.

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Backcross Method

A method of plant breeding that involves crossing an individual from a desirable line with another parent. The aim is to retain the useful characteristics of the desirable line in the offspring.

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Combining Ability

The ability of a plant to transmit desirable traits to its offspring. General combining ability refers to the overall performance of a plant across different crosses, while specific combining ability refers to its performance when crossed with specific other lines.

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Heritability in Recurrent Selection

Recurrent selection is best used on traits with high heritability, meaning that the traits are largely determined by genetics and are passed on efficiently to offspring.

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Importance of Recurrent Selection

Recurrent selection is a useful technique for improving crop varieties through repeated selection and crossing to enhance desirable traits. It's a powerful tool for plant breeders, allowing them to create better crops that are more productive, resilient, and nutritious.

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What is the primary objective of plant breeding?

The goal of plant breeding is to make plants more valuable by changing their genes. This involves improving things like how much they yield, how good they taste, and how well they resist diseases.

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Increased Yield in Plant Breeding

Breeding plants that produce a larger amount of crops compared to existing varieties.

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Disease Resistance in Plant Breeding

Developing plants that are resistant to common diseases, reducing crop losses and ensuring a sustainable harvest.

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Pest Resistance in Plant Breeding

Breeding plants that are resistant to pests, minimizing damage and preserving crop yield.

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Enhanced Adaptation in Plant Breeding

Creating varieties that are well-suited for specific environments, such as different climates or soil types.

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Cross-Pollination

The process of transferring pollen from one flower to another flower on a different plant, promoting genetic diversity.

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Dichogamy

A mechanism ensuring cross-pollination by ensuring male and female parts mature at different times, preventing self-fertilization.

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Male-sterility

A mechanism that prevents self-pollination by making the pollen ineffective, promoting cross-pollination.

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Heterostyly

A mechanism that prevents self-pollination by having flowers with different structures that restrict self-fertilization.

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Repeated Cross Breeding

The process of repeatedly cross-breeding plants to achieve desired traits in new generations.

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Selection Criteria

The criteria used to select which plants to breed based on desirable traits like yield or disease resistance.

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Genetic Improvement

The aim of plant breeding to enhance genetic traits, such as yield, disease resistance, and other favorable characteristics.

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Hybrids

The offspring of two genetically different parents. Often exhibit 'hybrid vigor,' meaning they are stronger or more productive than their parents.

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Dioecy

A type of plant reproduction where pollination only occurs between plants of different sexes (male or female).

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Self-Incompatibility

A biological mechanism preventing self-pollination within a plant. Even with fertile male and female gametes, pollen tubes fail to fully develop, preventing seed production.

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Polyploidy

A condition where an organism possesses more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

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Auto-polyploidy

A type of polyploidy that occurs when chromosomes double within the same species. This leads to an increase in the number of identical genomes.

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Allo-polyploidy

A type of polyploidy that occurs when two different species hybridize and their chromosomes double. This leads to the combination of different genomes.

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