Criticism of Leadership Theories
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Questions and Answers

The situational leadership approach suggests that different situations demand different kinds of ____________________

leadership

According to Fiedler, the situation can be described along three key dimensions, including ____________________ relations

leader-member

The behavioral approach relies on followers’ perceptions of ____________________ rather than actual behavior

leadership

No universal ____________________ style has been found to be the most effective

<p>leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

The situational leadership approach suggests that effective leadership requires that people adapt their style to the demands of different ____________________

<p>situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fiedler’s Contingency Theory of Leadership tried to reconcile and unite several theories that emerged earlier, mostly from the ____________________ and behavioral approach

<p>trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leaders who have good ____________________ with their subordinates will more easily get the work done

<p>relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

Task structure refers to how well the input, processes, roles, and tasks are structured and clearly ____________________

<p>delimited</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is not what the ______ is but what people see the ______ as that counts in generating the charismatic relationship.

<p>leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

The leaders' role ______ make that individual a charismatic or non-charismatic leader.

<p>behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Theories of charismatic leadership have received varying degrees of empirical support and show that charismatic leadership is associated with ______ performance goals.

<p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transformational leadership looks at how certain leaders are able to inspire followers to accomplish ______ things.

<p>great</p> Signup and view all the answers

The leaders' role behaviors, in the eyes of followers, make that individual a ______ or participative leader.

<p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charismatic leadership is associated with followers' ______ satisfaction and emotions.

<p>job</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charismatic leadership is associated with ______ work effort and work performance.

<p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transformational leadership looks at how certain leaders are able to inspire followers to accomplish ______ things beyond their expectations.

<p>great</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trait, behavioral, and ______ approaches to leadership brought several key insights for understanding leadership.

<p>situational</p> Signup and view all the answers

The New Leadership approach is constituted of several interrelated theories, including ______ leadership.

<p>charismatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leaders are agents of change who – through the use of emotional appeals, symbolic gestures and a combination of ______ mechanisms – transform followers into highly inspired, energized, and motivated teams.

<p>influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the New Leadership approach, leaders define organizational reality through the articulation of a ______ which is a reflection of how they define the organization’s mission and the values which support it.

<p>vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

The New Leadership approach sees leaders as someone who defines organizational reality through the articulation of a ______ which is a reflection of how they define the organization’s mission and the values which support it.

<p>vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some critical questions remained unanswered, including why followers of some leaders value the collective ______ and mission more than their own individual materialistic goals and aspirations.

<p>vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ approach to leadership brought several key insights for understanding leadership, but some critical questions remained unanswered.

<p>behavioral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contrary to the other approaches, the New Leadership approach sees leaders as someone who defines organizational reality through the articulation of a ______ which is a reflection of how they define the organization’s mission and the values which support it.

<p>vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership theories with their key concepts:

<p>Behavioral approach = Followers' perceptions of leader behavior Situational leadership = Adapting leadership style to different situations Charismatic leadership = Leader's role behaviors in followers' eyes Transformational leadership = Inspiring followers to achieve great things</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership styles with their characteristics:

<p>Task or directive leader = Focus on task accomplishment Social or participative leader = Involving followers in decision-making Charismatic leader = Inspiring followers through emotional appeals Transformational leader = Energizing followers to achieve beyond expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership approaches with their descriptions:

<p>Behavioral Approach = Relies on followers' perceptions of actual behavior Situational Leadership = Adapting style to different situations Charismatic Leadership = Associated with followers' emotional satisfaction Transformational Leadership = Inspiring followers to accomplish beyond expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership theories with their researchers:

<p>Charismatic Leadership = Conger &amp; Kanungo (1998) Transformational Leadership = Bass (1985) Visionary Leadership = Westley &amp; Mintzberg (1989) Contingency Theory = Fiedler</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership approaches with their key outcomes:

<p>Charismatic leadership = High performance goals and work effort Transformational leadership = Inspiring followers to achieve great things Behavioral approach = Focusing on followers' perceptions of leader behavior Situational leadership = Adapting leadership style to different situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership concepts with their definitions:

<p>Transformational leadership = Inspiring followers to achieve beyond expectations Charismatic leadership = Leader's role behaviors in followers' eyes Situational leadership = Adapting leadership style to different situations Behavioral approach = Followers' perceptions of leader behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership concepts with their definitions:

<p>Task Structure = Well-defined input, processes, roles, and tasks Emotional Arousal = Generating emotional response in followers Collective Vision = Shared goals and mission of the organization Influence Mechanisms = Combination of emotional appeals and symbolic gestures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership approaches with their characteristics:

<p>New Leadership Approach = Defines organizational reality through vision and mission Trait Approach = Focuses on innate leader characteristics Situational Leadership = Depends on adapting to different situations Behavioral Approach = Relies on followers' perceptions of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership theories with their key benefits:

<p>Charismatic leadership = Followers' job satisfaction and emotions Transformational leadership = Innovation behavior and organizational performance Behavioral approach = Focusing on followers' perceptions of leader behavior Situational leadership = Effective leadership in different situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership outcomes with their descriptions:

<p>Charismatic Leadership = Associated with follower emotional satisfaction Transformational Leadership = Inspiring followers to accomplish beyond expectations Effective Leadership = Adapting style to different situations Visionary Leadership = Articulating a clear organizational mission</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership concepts with their key characteristics:

<p>Charismatic leadership = Inspiring followers through emotional appeals Transformational leadership = Energizing followers to achieve beyond expectations Behavioral approach = Focusing on followers' perceptions of leader behavior Situational leadership = Adapting leadership style to different situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership researchers with their contributions:

<p>Conger &amp; Kanungo = Charismatic Leadership Theory Bass = Transformational Leadership Theory Fiedler = Contingency Theory of Leadership Westley &amp; Mintzberg = Visionary Leadership Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership theories with their key outcomes:

<p>Charismatic leadership = Followers' trust and confidence in the leader Transformational leadership = Innovation behavior and organizational performance Behavioral approach = Focusing on followers' perceptions of leader behavior Situational leadership = Effective leadership in different situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership concepts with their relationships:

<p>Leaders' Role = Defined by followers' perceptions Followers' Emotions = Influenced by charismatic leadership Organizational Mission = Reflected in the leader's vision Leader-Follower Relationship = Critical in transformational leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership styles with their key characteristics:

<p>Task or directive leader = Focusing on task accomplishment Social or participative leader = Involving followers in decision-making Charismatic leader = Inspiring followers through emotional appeals Transformational leader = Energizing followers to achieve beyond expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership approaches with their focus:

<p>New Leadership Approach = Defining organizational reality Trait Approach = Innate leader characteristics Behavioral Approach = Followers' perceptions of behavior Situational Leadership = Adapting to different situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership approaches with their key characteristics:

<p>Behavioral approach = Relies on followers' perceptions of leadership rather than actual behavior Situational leadership = Effective leadership requires adapting style to different situations Charismatic leadership = Associated with followers' emotional satisfaction and emotions Transformational leadership = Looks at how leaders inspire followers to accomplish beyond their expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership theories with their descriptions:

<p>Fiedler's Contingency Theory = Leaders can be effective in certain situations but not in others Situational leadership = Different situations demand different kinds of leadership Charismatic leadership = Leaders are agents of change who transform followers through emotional appeals Transformational leadership = Looks at how leaders inspire followers to accomplish beyond their expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership styles with their effectiveness criteria:

<p>Situational leadership = Adapting style to the demands of different situations Charismatic leadership = Associated with followers' emotional satisfaction and emotions Transformational leadership = Inspiring followers to accomplish beyond their expectations Behavioral approach = Relies on followers' perceptions of leadership rather than actual behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership dimensions with their descriptions:

<p>Leader-member relations = How well the team and the leader work together/trust each other Task structure = How well the input, processes, roles, and tasks are structured and clearly delimited Charismatic leadership = Associated with followers' emotional satisfaction and emotions Transformational leadership = Looks at how leaders inspire followers to accomplish beyond their expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership approaches with their leadership styles:

<p>Situational leadership = Adapting style to different situations Charismatic leadership = Agents of change who transform followers through emotional appeals Transformational leadership = Inspiring followers to accomplish beyond their expectations Behavioral approach = Relies on followers' perceptions of leadership rather than actual behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership theories with their authors:

<p>Fiedler's Contingency Theory = Fiedler Situational leadership = Not specified Charismatic leadership = Not specified Transformational leadership = Not specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership approaches with their focus:

<p>Situational leadership = Situational demands Charismatic leadership = Followers' emotional satisfaction and emotions Transformational leadership = Inspiring followers to accomplish beyond their expectations Behavioral approach = Followers' perceptions of leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership styles with their outcomes:

<p>Situational leadership = Effective leadership in different situations Charismatic leadership = Followers' emotional satisfaction and emotions Transformational leadership = Followers accomplishing beyond their expectations Behavioral approach = No clear outcome specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of charismatic leadership?

<p>Developing a clear and compelling vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to leadership recognizes that different situations demand different kinds of leadership?

<p>Situational leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of transformational leadership?

<p>Idealized influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership approach is associated with increased job satisfaction and performance?

<p>Transformational leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between transactional and transformational leadership?

<p>Ability to inspire and empower followers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership approach emphasizes the importance of adapting one's style to the development level of followers?

<p>Situational leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of charismatic leadership?

<p>Inspiring loyalty and enthusiasm in followers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the behavior approach to leadership?

<p>The actions and behaviors of leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key behavior of the behavior approach to leadership?

<p>Defining roles and setting goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the situational leadership approach, what is the primary factor that determines the effectiveness of a leader's style?

<p>The followers' maturity level</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of transformational leadership?

<p>Inspiring followers to accomplish beyond their expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between charismatic and transformational leadership approaches?

<p>Charismatic leadership focuses on the followers' emotional satisfaction, while transformational leadership focuses on the organization's mission</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following leadership approaches emphasizes the importance of learning and developing leadership skills through practice and experience?

<p>Behavior approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of charismatic leadership?

<p>Increased work performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of charismatic leadership?

<p>To inspire and motivate others through a clear vision and personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of transformational leadership?

<p>Inspiring and motivating others to achieve a shared vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership approach recognizes that different situations demand different kinds of leadership?

<p>Situational leadership approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is idealized influence in transformational leadership?

<p>Serving as a role model and inspiring trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intellectual stimulation in transformational leadership?

<p>Challenging assumptions and encouraging creative thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is individualized consideration in transformational leadership?

<p>Recognizing and developing the strengths of individual team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership approach focuses on the leader's ability to inspire and motivate others?

<p>Charismatic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is most characteristic of a relationship-oriented leader?

<p>Consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the situational leadership approach, which style of leadership is most suitable for team members who need guidance?

<p>Coaching</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the behavior approach to leadership?

<p>Leaders' behaviors and actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to leadership is most closely associated with emotional appeals and symbolic gestures?

<p>Charismatic leadership approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of a task-oriented leader?

<p>Defining roles and setting goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to leadership recognizes that leaders can learn and develop effective behaviors?

<p>Behavioral approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Criticisms of Leadership Theories

  • The way leaders adapt their behaviors to situations and people is unclear
  • Most studies rely on followers’ perceptions of leadership rather than actual behavior
  • No universal leadership style has been found to be the most effective
  • This approach is extremely US-centered and recent studies show that important cultural differences exist

Situational Leadership

  • The best leadership style is contingent to the situations leaders are in and to the people they work with
  • Different situations demand different kinds of leadership
  • Effective leadership requires that people adapt their style to the demands of different situations

Fiedler’s Contingency Theory of Leadership

  • Leaders can be effective in a certain situation but not in another
  • The situation can be described along three key dimensions:
    • Leader-member relations (Poor/Good)
    • Task structure (Low/High)
  • Leaders’ role behaviors can be categorized as:
    • Task or directive leaders
    • Social or participative leaders
    • Charismatic or non-charismatic leaders

Charismatic Leadership

  • Charismatic leadership is associated with:
    • High performance goals
    • High work effort, work performance, and intrinsic motivation
    • Innovation behavior and organizational performance
    • Followers’ job satisfaction and emotions
    • Followers’ trust and confidence, adjustment to leader and group
    • Less workplace deviance, less turnover intentions, less burnout

Transformational Leadership

  • Transformational leadership looks at how certain leaders are able to inspire followers to accomplish great things

The New Leadership Approach

  • Leaders are agents of change who transform followers into highly inspired, energized, and motivated teams
  • The New Leadership Approach is constituted of several interrelated theories:
    • Charismatic leadership
    • Transformational leadership
    • Visionary leadership
  • This approach sees leaders as someone who defines organizational reality through the articulation of a vision which is a reflection of how they define the organization’s mission and the values which support it

Criticisms of Leadership Theories

  • The way leaders adapt their behaviors to situations and people is unclear
  • Most studies rely on followers’ perceptions of leadership rather than actual behavior
  • No universal leadership style has been found to be the most effective
  • This approach is extremely US-centered and recent studies show that important cultural differences exist

Situational Leadership

  • The best leadership style is contingent to the situations leaders are in and to the people they work with
  • Different situations demand different kinds of leadership
  • Effective leadership requires that people adapt their style to the demands of different situations

Fiedler’s Contingency Theory of Leadership

  • Leaders can be effective in a certain situation but not in another
  • The situation can be described along three key dimensions:
    • Leader-member relations (Poor/Good)
    • Task structure (Low/High)
  • Leaders’ role behaviors can be categorized as:
    • Task or directive leaders
    • Social or participative leaders
    • Charismatic or non-charismatic leaders

Charismatic Leadership

  • Charismatic leadership is associated with:
    • High performance goals
    • High work effort, work performance, and intrinsic motivation
    • Innovation behavior and organizational performance
    • Followers’ job satisfaction and emotions
    • Followers’ trust and confidence, adjustment to leader and group
    • Less workplace deviance, less turnover intentions, less burnout

Transformational Leadership

  • Transformational leadership looks at how certain leaders are able to inspire followers to accomplish great things

The New Leadership Approach

  • Leaders are agents of change who transform followers into highly inspired, energized, and motivated teams
  • The New Leadership Approach is constituted of several interrelated theories:
    • Charismatic leadership
    • Transformational leadership
    • Visionary leadership
  • This approach sees leaders as someone who defines organizational reality through the articulation of a vision which is a reflection of how they define the organization’s mission and the values which support it

Leadership Behaviors

  • Focuses on actions and behaviors of leaders rather than their traits or personalities
  • Emphasizes importance of learning and developing leadership skills through practice and experience

Behavior Approach

  • Key behaviors:
    • Initiating structure: defining roles, setting goals, and establishing procedures
    • Consideration: building relationships, providing support, and encouraging participation
    • Leading by example: demonstrating desired behaviors and values
    • Empowering others: delegating tasks, providing autonomy, and fostering growth

Situational Leadership

  • Developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard
  • Effective leaders adapt their behavior to fit the maturity level of their followers
  • Four leadership styles:
  • Directing: high direction, low support (for inexperienced or immature followers)
  • Coaching: high direction, high support (for followers who need guidance and encouragement)
  • Supporting: low direction, high support (for followers who are competent but lack confidence)
  • Delegating: low direction, low support (for highly mature and capable followers)

Charismatic and Transformational Approaches

Charismatic Leadership

  • Focuses on leader's ability to inspire and motivate followers through their vision, passion, and confidence
  • Key characteristics:
    • Visionary thinking: having a clear and compelling vision
    • Emotional intelligence: self-awareness, empathy, and social skills
    • Charisma: persuasive and influential communication
    • Trust building: establishing credibility and reliability
  • Charismatic leaders inspire loyalty, enthusiasm, and commitment from their followers

Transformational Leadership

  • Developed by Bernard Bass
  • Goes beyond transactional leadership by inspiring and empowering followers to achieve a shared vision
  • Key characteristics:
    • Idealized influence: inspiring trust and admiration
    • Intellectual stimulation: challenging assumptions and fostering creativity
    • Individualized consideration: coaching and developing followers
    • Individualized recognition: recognizing and rewarding achievements
  • Transformational leaders create a positive and motivating work environment, leading to increased job satisfaction and performance

Behavior Approach

  • Focuses on the actions of leaders rather than their traits or characteristics
  • Leaders can learn and develop effective behaviors to become more effective leaders
  • Key behaviors include:
    • Initiating structure: defining roles, setting goals, and assigning tasks
    • Close supervision: monitoring and controlling work processes
    • Consideration: building trust, supporting, and empowering team members
    • Participative leadership: involving team members in decision-making

Situational Leadership

  • Developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard
  • Leaders adapt their behavior to suit different situations and individuals
  • Four leadership styles are:
    • Directing: used with inexperienced team members, characterized by telling and directing
    • Coaching: used with team members who need guidance, characterized by selling and explaining
    • Supporting: used with team members who are developing, characterized by participating and facilitating
    • Delegating: used with experienced team members, characterized by delegating and empowering

Charismatic Leadership

  • Focuses on the leader's ability to inspire and motivate others through their vision and personality
  • Charismatic leaders have:
    • A clear vision and mission
    • Ability to articulate their vision in an inspiring way
    • Strong communication and interpersonal skills
    • Ability to build trust and loyalty with their followers
    • Lead by example and demonstrate a strong work ethic

Transformational Leadership

  • Developed by Bernard Bass
  • Leaders inspire and motivate others to achieve a shared vision
  • Key characteristics include:
    • Idealized influence: leaders serve as a role model and inspire trust
    • Intellectual stimulation: leaders challenge assumptions and encourage creative thinking
    • Individualized consideration: leaders recognize and develop the strengths of individual team members
    • Inspirational motivation: leaders articulate a compelling vision and inspire others to work towards it
  • Transformational leaders foster a positive and productive work environment, promoting growth and development of their team members.

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Description

This quiz evaluates the limitations of leadership theories, including the lack of clarity in adapting behaviors, reliance on follower perceptions, and the need for cultural sensitivity.

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