Criticism of Conditioning Theory by Rachman (1977)
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Questions and Answers

What did Jones do to help Peter overcome his fear of rabbits?

  • Asked Peter to face his fear of rabbits head-on
  • Used medication like benzodiazepines to reduce Peter's fear response
  • Gradually brought the rabbit closer while Peter was fed his favorite candy (correct)
  • Implemented participant modeling to help Peter interact with the rabbit

What is the main goal of exposure therapy for phobias?

  • To avoid all contact with the feared stimulus
  • To substitute the feared stimulus with a different one
  • To increase the fear response through extinction
  • To reduce the fear response through extinction (correct)

Which type of exposure therapy has the strongest empirical support according to professional literature?

  • Symbolic exposure
  • Participant modeling
  • Imagined exposure
  • In vivo exposure (correct)

What type of medications can be used to moderate acute fear reactions from a biological perspective?

<p>Benzodiazepines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What intervention has been shown to be ineffective in treating specific phobias?

<p>Pharmacological intervention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does D-cycloserine potentially enhance exposure therapies?

<p>By augmenting the effectiveness of exposure therapies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Rachman (1977), what is a criticism of classical conditioning theory?

<p>It fails to explain why human phobias are limited to certain stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Rachman use the example of human phobias in his criticism of the conditioning theory?

<p>To demonstrate that fear of certain stimuli is learned more readily. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Rachman highlight about people exposed to fearsome air raids during World War II?

<p>Only a small proportion developed phobias as a result of the experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Rachman mention that human phobias are most commonly associated with a limited set of stimuli?

<p>To argue against the universality of CS in classical conditioning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion did Rachman draw regarding the development of phobias in individuals exposed to repeated fear-arousing experiences?

<p>They may not necessarily develop phobias to surrounding stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Rachman's findings align with the theory proposed by Seligman and Hager (1972)?

<p>They support Seligman and Hager's theory on the ease of learning fear towards certain stimuli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the reason Bregman was unable to replicate Watson and Rayner's demonstration of fear conditioning in Little Albert?

<p>Bregman used biologically irrelevant objects as stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandura agreed that phobias develop more readily to some stimuli than to others due to:

<p>Differences in presenting nature of stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are snakes and various animals especially likely to become phobic stimuli?

<p>They can appear at unpredictable times and places (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the learning and maintenance of fear according to the text?

<p>Observing other subjects model emotional reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized by the psychoanalytic theory of phobia formation?

<p>Initial repression of an anxiety-arousing conflict (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Mary Cover Jones demonstrate exposure therapy for specific phobias?

<p>Through exposure to the feared stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura, why do phobias develop more readily to some stimuli than others?

<p>Differences in the presenting nature of stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a child hears warnings about certain dangers according to the text?

<p>The child becomes anxious about those situations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguished Bregman's approach from Watson and Rayner's in fear conditioning experiments?

<p>Biologically irrelevant object choice for stimuli conditioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did monkeys raised in laboratory environments learn to fear snakes?

<p>Observing other monkeys' fearful responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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