22 Questions
What did Jones do to help Peter overcome his fear of rabbits?
Gradually brought the rabbit closer while Peter was fed his favorite candy
What is the main goal of exposure therapy for phobias?
To reduce the fear response through extinction
Which type of exposure therapy has the strongest empirical support according to professional literature?
In vivo exposure
What type of medications can be used to moderate acute fear reactions from a biological perspective?
Benzodiazepines
What intervention has been shown to be ineffective in treating specific phobias?
Pharmacological intervention
How does D-cycloserine potentially enhance exposure therapies?
By augmenting the effectiveness of exposure therapies
According to Rachman (1977), what is a criticism of classical conditioning theory?
It fails to explain why human phobias are limited to certain stimuli.
Why did Rachman use the example of human phobias in his criticism of the conditioning theory?
To demonstrate that fear of certain stimuli is learned more readily.
What did Rachman highlight about people exposed to fearsome air raids during World War II?
Only a small proportion developed phobias as a result of the experiences.
Why did Rachman mention that human phobias are most commonly associated with a limited set of stimuli?
To argue against the universality of CS in classical conditioning.
What conclusion did Rachman draw regarding the development of phobias in individuals exposed to repeated fear-arousing experiences?
They may not necessarily develop phobias to surrounding stimuli.
How do Rachman's findings align with the theory proposed by Seligman and Hager (1972)?
They support Seligman and Hager's theory on the ease of learning fear towards certain stimuli.
What was the reason Bregman was unable to replicate Watson and Rayner's demonstration of fear conditioning in Little Albert?
Bregman used biologically irrelevant objects as stimuli
Bandura agreed that phobias develop more readily to some stimuli than to others due to:
Differences in presenting nature of stimuli
Why are snakes and various animals especially likely to become phobic stimuli?
They can appear at unpredictable times and places
What is a key factor in the learning and maintenance of fear according to the text?
Observing other subjects model emotional reactions
What is emphasized by the psychoanalytic theory of phobia formation?
Initial repression of an anxiety-arousing conflict
How did Mary Cover Jones demonstrate exposure therapy for specific phobias?
Through exposure to the feared stimulus
According to Bandura, why do phobias develop more readily to some stimuli than others?
Differences in the presenting nature of stimuli
What happens when a child hears warnings about certain dangers according to the text?
The child becomes anxious about those situations
What distinguished Bregman's approach from Watson and Rayner's in fear conditioning experiments?
Biologically irrelevant object choice for stimuli conditioning
How did monkeys raised in laboratory environments learn to fear snakes?
Observing other monkeys' fearful responses
Learn about the criticism of the conditioning theory by Rachman in 1977 and how early classical conditioning theory was deemed incomplete. Explore the limitations of stimuli serving as conditioned stimuli (CS) and understand why human phobias are commonly associated with a limited set of stimuli.
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