Criticism of Conditioning Theory by Rachman (1977)

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What did Jones do to help Peter overcome his fear of rabbits?

Asked Peter to face his fear of rabbits head-on

Used medication like benzodiazepines to reduce Peter's fear response

Gradually brought the rabbit closer while Peter was fed his favorite candy (correct)

Implemented participant modeling to help Peter interact with the rabbit

What is the main goal of exposure therapy for phobias?

To avoid all contact with the feared stimulus

To substitute the feared stimulus with a different one

To increase the fear response through extinction

To reduce the fear response through extinction (correct)

Which type of exposure therapy has the strongest empirical support according to professional literature?

Symbolic exposure

Participant modeling

Imagined exposure

In vivo exposure (correct)

What type of medications can be used to moderate acute fear reactions from a biological perspective?

Benzodiazepines Signup and view all the answers

What intervention has been shown to be ineffective in treating specific phobias?

Pharmacological intervention Signup and view all the answers

How does D-cycloserine potentially enhance exposure therapies?

By augmenting the effectiveness of exposure therapies Signup and view all the answers

According to Rachman (1977), what is a criticism of classical conditioning theory?

It fails to explain why human phobias are limited to certain stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Rachman use the example of human phobias in his criticism of the conditioning theory?

To demonstrate that fear of certain stimuli is learned more readily. Signup and view all the answers

What did Rachman highlight about people exposed to fearsome air raids during World War II?

Only a small proportion developed phobias as a result of the experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Rachman mention that human phobias are most commonly associated with a limited set of stimuli?

To argue against the universality of CS in classical conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion did Rachman draw regarding the development of phobias in individuals exposed to repeated fear-arousing experiences?

They may not necessarily develop phobias to surrounding stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

How do Rachman's findings align with the theory proposed by Seligman and Hager (1972)?

They support Seligman and Hager's theory on the ease of learning fear towards certain stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What was the reason Bregman was unable to replicate Watson and Rayner's demonstration of fear conditioning in Little Albert?

Bregman used biologically irrelevant objects as stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Bandura agreed that phobias develop more readily to some stimuli than to others due to:

Differences in presenting nature of stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Why are snakes and various animals especially likely to become phobic stimuli?

They can appear at unpredictable times and places Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the learning and maintenance of fear according to the text?

Observing other subjects model emotional reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized by the psychoanalytic theory of phobia formation?

Initial repression of an anxiety-arousing conflict Signup and view all the answers

How did Mary Cover Jones demonstrate exposure therapy for specific phobias?

Through exposure to the feared stimulus Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura, why do phobias develop more readily to some stimuli than others?

Differences in the presenting nature of stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a child hears warnings about certain dangers according to the text?

The child becomes anxious about those situations Signup and view all the answers

What distinguished Bregman's approach from Watson and Rayner's in fear conditioning experiments?

Biologically irrelevant object choice for stimuli conditioning Signup and view all the answers

How did monkeys raised in laboratory environments learn to fear snakes?

Observing other monkeys' fearful responses Signup and view all the answers