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Questions and Answers
What is the first step in the five-step process of critical thinking?
What is the first step in the five-step process of critical thinking?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with critical thinkers?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with critical thinkers?
What is the purpose of evaluating evidence in critical thinking?
What is the purpose of evaluating evidence in critical thinking?
Which of the following is an example of cognitive bias?
Which of the following is an example of cognitive bias?
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Why is recognizing incongruence important in critical thinking?
Why is recognizing incongruence important in critical thinking?
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Which term describes the use of persuasive language without logical support?
Which term describes the use of persuasive language without logical support?
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What is one of the five pillars of critical thinking?
What is one of the five pillars of critical thinking?
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What does cognitive bias help to conserve?
What does cognitive bias help to conserve?
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Which cognitive bias involves relying too heavily on the first piece of information received?
Which cognitive bias involves relying too heavily on the first piece of information received?
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What behavior is associated with the Bandwagon Effect?
What behavior is associated with the Bandwagon Effect?
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What type of cognitive bias could cause a hiring committee to make unfounded assumptions about candidates based on a single example?
What type of cognitive bias could cause a hiring committee to make unfounded assumptions about candidates based on a single example?
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Which cognitive bias might lead someone to dismiss contrary evidence because it doesn't fit their pre-existing beliefs?
Which cognitive bias might lead someone to dismiss contrary evidence because it doesn't fit their pre-existing beliefs?
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What is one of the key elements that distinguishes critical thinking from ordinary thinking?
What is one of the key elements that distinguishes critical thinking from ordinary thinking?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five pillars of critical thinking?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five pillars of critical thinking?
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What ability is essential for a well cultivated critical thinker?
What ability is essential for a well cultivated critical thinker?
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Which characteristic is associated with ordinary thinking according to the content?
Which characteristic is associated with ordinary thinking according to the content?
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What is a crucial benefit of higher education in relation to critical thinking?
What is a crucial benefit of higher education in relation to critical thinking?
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What does self-directed thinking in critical thinking imply?
What does self-directed thinking in critical thinking imply?
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How do critical thinkers approach alternative systems of thought?
How do critical thinkers approach alternative systems of thought?
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Which of the following best defines 'presenting a judgment with criteria'?
Which of the following best defines 'presenting a judgment with criteria'?
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Which individual is cited as an example of a well-known critical thinker?
Which individual is cited as an example of a well-known critical thinker?
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What is the term for the discomfort experienced when there is a significant gap between an individual's perceived self and ideal self?
What is the term for the discomfort experienced when there is a significant gap between an individual's perceived self and ideal self?
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What distinguishes argumentation from persuasion?
What distinguishes argumentation from persuasion?
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How can rhetoric enhance the effectiveness of an argument?
How can rhetoric enhance the effectiveness of an argument?
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What is defined as a systematic error in thinking that influences perceptions and decisions?
What is defined as a systematic error in thinking that influences perceptions and decisions?
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What role does evidence play in argumentation?
What role does evidence play in argumentation?
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In what way does persuasion differ fundamentally from argumentation?
In what way does persuasion differ fundamentally from argumentation?
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Which of the following statements about cognitive biases is correct?
Which of the following statements about cognitive biases is correct?
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Which rhetorical device is often used to invoke emotional responses in an audience?
Which rhetorical device is often used to invoke emotional responses in an audience?
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What can be a potential consequence of incongruence in an individual?
What can be a potential consequence of incongruence in an individual?
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Which of the following best describes argumentation?
Which of the following best describes argumentation?
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Which characteristic of critical thinkers involves the ability to understand and evaluate different perspectives?
Which characteristic of critical thinkers involves the ability to understand and evaluate different perspectives?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five component areas necessary for successful critical thinking?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five component areas necessary for successful critical thinking?
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What is the primary function of a conclusion in an argument?
What is the primary function of a conclusion in an argument?
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Which characteristic best describes the ability to examine one's own beliefs and values?
Which characteristic best describes the ability to examine one's own beliefs and values?
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Which of these is a common thinking error that critical thinkers should be aware of?
Which of these is a common thinking error that critical thinkers should be aware of?
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Which characteristic of critical thinking involves questioning accepted norms?
Which characteristic of critical thinking involves questioning accepted norms?
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What role does background knowledge play in critical thinking?
What role does background knowledge play in critical thinking?
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Which statement accurately defines an argument in the context of critical thinking?
Which statement accurately defines an argument in the context of critical thinking?
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Effective communicators in critical thinking are best characterized by which of the following traits?
Effective communicators in critical thinking are best characterized by which of the following traits?
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What does analytical thinking enable individuals to do?
What does analytical thinking enable individuals to do?
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Study Notes
Critical Thinking Unit 4 Notes
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This unit covers fundamental concepts of critical thinking, distinguishing it from ordinary thinking, and exploring characteristics of critical thinkers.
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It delves into critical thinking skills, argument structuring, recognizing inconsistencies, and the five pillars of critical thinking.
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The unit further explores argumentation versus rhetoric, cognitive biases, tribalism, and politics.
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Case studies are employed to illustrate the application of critical thinking in different scenarios.
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Prerequisites for the unit include fundamental design thinking concepts, understanding good and bad design, and familiarity with human values.
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Learning objectives for Lecture 1 include fundamental critical thinking concepts, a five-step critical thinking process, and the characteristics of a well-cultivated critical thinker.
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Critical thinking is an approach where a person visualizes an idea and follows steps to reach a conclusion, involving research, evaluation, and implementation.
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Effective critical thinking skills reduce worry and anxiety during problem-solving.
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Critical thinking is vital for professional success, and higher education is essential for developing and refining these skills.
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The key pillars of critical thinking include logic, argumentation, rhetoric, background knowledge, and attitudes/values.
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Well-cultivated critical thinkers raise vital questions, assess information, and come to well-reasoned conclusions, evaluating them based on standards.
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They think openly within alternative systems, acknowledge assumptions and implications, and effectively communicate complex problem solutions.
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The difference between critical and ordinary thinking involves assuming versus believing, evaluating versus preferring, principle formulation versus associating concepts, hypothesizing versus supposing; offering reasoned opinions versus simply offering opinions; and making judgments with clear criteria versus making judgments without criteria.
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Critical thinkers possess characteristics such as observation, curiosity, objectivity, introspection, analytical thinking, awareness of biases, determining relevance, compassion, humility, willingness to challenge assumptions, open-mindedness, awareness of common thinking errors, creative thinking, effective communication, and active listening.
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The five pillars of critical thinking include logic, argumentation, rhetoric, background knowledge (subject matter, debate history, human judgment psychology), and character (attitudes and values).
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An argument is a claim defended with reasons, comprising statements (premises) supporting another statement (conclusion). A statement is a declarative sentence, either true or false. In critical thinking, an argument presents reasons to support a viewpoint; it's not a quarrel or dispute.
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Main components of an argument include premises (statements supporting the conclusion) and the conclusion (what the author wants you to believe/do).
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Implicit conclusions and premises are statements not explicitly stated, but assumed to be understood.
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Incongruence, a concept from humanistic psychology, describes the discrepancy between the perceived self and the ideal self. Discomfort, anxiety, stress, and frustration can arise from large gaps between these two.
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Argumentation is the process of forming reasons, drawing conclusions, and applying them to a case.
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Persuasion is influencing others to believe or act in a particular way. Argumentation usually considers both sides of an issue, while persuasion is often one-sided.
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Rhetoric, the art of effective speaking and writing, often appeals to human emotions and values.
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Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking that occur when processing information, affecting judgments. Examples include anchoring bias, availability bias, bandwagon effect, choice-supportive bias, confirmation bias, and others.
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Case studies involve a senior caught cheating, and a scenario where teachers are drinking beer in class, prompting students to analyze the implications and their decision-making process.
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A variety of case studies on Amazon's practices related to design thinking, customer understanding, and the iterative process of development; emphasizing steps such as Empathize, Define, Ideate, and Prototype and Test/Iterate.
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Study material also features quizzes, weekly assignmenets, and related video links to supplemental learning aids.
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Description
This unit focuses on fundamental concepts of critical thinking, outlining its distinctions from ordinary thinking and key characteristics of effective critical thinkers. It explores essential skills, argument structuring, and important cognitive biases, using case studies to contextualize the application of these ideas in real-world scenarios.
