Understanding Argument Structure in Essays

Color Vision

• Definition: Quality of light reflected by a surface, according to the visual impression it creates; a property attributed to both light and objects.
• Physical perspective: Color is the spectral color, determined by the wavelengths of the light perceived by the human eye.
• Characteristics: Color is defined by three components:
  • Hue (most recognizable characteristic; infinite hues exist). Humans are capable of distinguishing approximately 200 different hues; each corresponds to a specific wavelength of light.
  • Saturation (purity and intensity of a color). High saturation colors appear rich and intense, while low saturation colors appear dull. Pastel colors have low saturation, while vibrant colors have high saturation.
  • Value (lightness or darkness of a color). Value is also known as luminance or brightness.

Color Vision: Physical Aspects

• Methods of extraction: Color can be extracted through several methods, including:
  • Prism dispersion (Newton's experiment): White light can be broken down into its component colors when passing through a prism. Each color has a specific refractive index.
  • Filtering: A filter transmits some wavelengths of light and absorbs others, creating a selective transmission of light. A neutral filter transmits all wavelengths, while a selective filter transmits and refracts certain wavelengths, such as a color filter.
  • Reflection: Objects absorb most wavelengths of light but reflect a few. The reflected light is the color the observer sees.

Color Vision: Physiological Aspects (Anatomy of the Retina)

• Retina: A thin membrane lining the inner surface of the eye, responsible for detecting light and transmitting visual information to the brain. It contains specialized cells called photoreceptors that react to light.
• Photoreceptors (PR): Cells in the retina that respond to light; rods and cones. The retina contains two types of these cells
  • Cones: Responsible for color vision and detail perception. Three types of cones that respond differently to different wavelengths: S (blue), M (green), and L (red). Most concentrated in the fovea.
  • Rods: Detects low light conditions.
• Fovea: Concentrated cone cells for sharp, detailed vision.
• Peripheral Retina: Contains fewer cones and more rods than fovea, contributing to peripheral vision.

Color Vision: Physiological Aspects (Color Vision Deficiency)

• Types of Color Deficiency:
  • Achromatopsia: Complete inability to perceive color.
  • Monochromatism: Only one type of cone functions.
  • Dichromatism: Two types of cones function.
•  Protanopia: Deficiency in perceiving red.
•  Deuteranopia: Deficiency in perceiving green
•  Tritanopia: Deficiency in perceiving blue.
• Prevalence: Color deficiencies vary, often more common in males than females.

Color Vision: Acquired Deficiencies

• Acquired color deficiencies: These deficiencies result from damage to the eye or brain rather than genetic causes. These deficits can arise from
  • Injury
  • Medical conditions
  • Trauma
  • Intoxication
  • Disease-related problems

This quiz assesses your comprehension of essay content, focusing on argument representation, evidence types, and conceptual complexity. It challenges you to critically evaluate statements and infer main arguments within written discussions.