Questions and Answers
What is the main role of emotions in decision making?
We are often completely aware of the influences on how we think and behave.
False
What can influence the way we think about people and objects in the world?
unconscious factors
What happens every time you have a thought, feel an emotion, or receive info through your senses?
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How does experience affect the brain?
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What is thinking as imagery?
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According to media, how is a critical thinker depicted?
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What are recommended skills in improving critical thinking outcomes?
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According to Vygotsky, intelligence is a fixed quantity.
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Sternberg suggests that intelligent behavior arises from a balance of abilities.
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What are the three skills included in emotional intelligence?
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What does WISC stand for?
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What is functional fixedness?
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What is the definition of critical thinking?
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What does bias thinking imply in critical thinking?
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Why do people differ in their desirable outcomes?
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What is critical about critical thinking?
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What type of thinking underlies routine habits? ______
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How does intelligence relate to critical thinking?
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How can intuition impact problem-solving?
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What skills can help individuals recognize propaganda?
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Critical thinking automatically results from standard instruction in a content area.
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What is the importance of recalling information during learning?
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The four-part model for learning to think critically includes explicitly learning the skills of critical thinking, developing a disposition for effortful thinking, and directing learning activities to increase the probability of ______.
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What does cognitive flexibility involve?
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What does being a good critical thinker entail?
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What does bounded rationality refer to?
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What is fast and frugal thinking?
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Study Notes
Critical Thinking
- Critical thinking involves cognitive skills that enhance the likelihood of achieving desirable outcomes.
- It is purposeful, reasoned, goal-directed, and essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and making inferences.
Bias Thinking
- Critical thinking transcends merely considering one’s own thoughts, emphasizing the use of evidence and rational reasoning.
- Encourages thinking beyond conventional norms and identifying biases.
Individual Differences in Thinking
- People have varied definitions of desirable outcomes, underscoring the value of critical thinking in achieving personal goals.
Evaluating Thought Processes
- Critical thinking entails assessing the effectiveness of one’s decisions and the effectiveness of problem-solving approaches.
Nondirected Thinking
- Different from critical thinking, nondirected thinking includes routine, automatic processes with minimal conscious evaluation.
- Common examples include daily habits and daydreaming.
Relationship Between Intelligence and Critical Thinking
- Intelligence is linked to problem-solving and decision-making skills and is influenced by cognitive processes.
- Critical thinking is a cognitive skill set that can enhance one's overall intellect.
Role of Intuition and Impulse
- Most people's intuitive problem-solving approaches may be flawed due to inherent biases leading to "predictably irrational" behaviors.
- Awareness of irrational tendencies can improve decision-making and thinking processes.
Impact of Learning and Propaganda
- Mind control and propaganda illustrate how one’s thinking can be altered.
- Developing clear thinking skills aids in recognizing, analyzing, and resisting propaganda and deception.
Education and Critical Thinking
- Teachers must actively teach critical thinking skills; it is not an automatic byproduct of standardized instruction.
- "Transfer of training" emphasizes applying critical thinking skills across diverse real-world contexts.
Enhancing Transfer of Learning
- Testing during learning strengthens memory and improves recall, making critical thinking skills more readily available in novel situations.
Four-Part Model of Learning Critical Thinking
- Explicitly learn critical thinking skills.
- Foster a disposition towards effortful thinking.
- Structure learning activities to promote transfer of skills.
- Encourage metacognitive monitoring of one’s thoughts and learning processes.
Essential Skills for Critical Thinking
- Recognizing semantic slanting and seeking contradictory evidence.
- Making risk versus benefit assessments and providing reasoned explanations.
- Using numerical data and understanding research principles.
Disposition for Effortful Thinking
- Good thinkers exhibit motivation and persistence, engaging in thoughtful processes and gathering accurate information.
Characteristics of a Good Critical Thinker
- Planning, cognitive flexibility, persistence, self-correction, mindfulness, and consensus-seeking are crucial attributes for effective critical thinking.
Recognizing Critical Thinking Needs
- Identifying when critical thinking is required to apply the appropriate skills is vital for effective problem-solving.
Metacognition
- Metacognition involves awareness of one’s cognitive processes, guiding the use of learning strategies and decision-making.
Intelligence and Critical Thinking Correlation
- The enhancement of intelligence through critical thinking can vary based on how intelligence is defined.
- Critical thinking improves everyday decision-making but may not affect standardized IQ measurements.
Measurement of Intelligence
- Intelligence is challenging to measure accurately; standardized tests often fail to account for critical thinking abilities.
Types of Thinking: System 1 vs. System 2
- System 1 thinking is fast, intuitive, and automatic, while System 2 thinking is slow, deliberate, and directly related to critical thinking processes.
Bounded Rationality
- Bounded rationality refers to limitations in rational decision-making due to incomplete knowledge and future uncertainties.
- "Satisficers” tend to opt for "good enough" decisions rather than seeking the optimal solution.
Fast and Frugal Thinking
- Fast and frugal thinking uses mental shortcuts, often effective under constraints of time and information.
- Experts may leverage their experience for accurate and quick decisions in familiar situations.
Influence of Emotions on Thinking
- Emotions significantly affect decision-making processes, often unconsciously altering judgments.
Biological Basis of Thinking
- Thinking involves complex neuronal interactions; experiences shape neural connections, indicating that learning alters the brain.
Thinking as Imagery and Silent Speech
- Thinking often involves mental imagery or self-directed speech, facilitating the retrieval and organization of thoughts.### Critical Thinking in Media
- Hollywood portrays critical thinkers as cold, calculating individuals or socially awkward nerds.
Perspective-Taking in Critical Thinking
- Understanding issues from others' viewpoints enhances problem-solving outcomes.
- Key components include empathy, imagination, and establishing values.
Vygotsky's Perspective on Intelligence
- Intelligence is seen as a fixed quantity.
- Emphasizes the importance of feedback over the final results in intelligence assessment.
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
- Intelligence involves a balance of analytical, creative, and practical abilities.
- These abilities collectively enable success within specific sociocultural environments.
Contemporary Theories of Intelligence
- Modern theories incorporate emotional intelligence (EQ).
- Emotional intelligence encompasses three main skills:
- Emotional awareness: Identifying and naming personal emotions.
- Emotional harnessing: Applying emotions to thinking and problem-solving tasks.
- Emotion management: Regulating personal emotions and assisting others in emotional regulation.
Wechsler Intelligence Scales
- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) assesses children's intelligence.
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) evaluates intelligence in individuals aged 15 and up.
- Both scales are controversial for favoring academically inclined individuals and assuming normative life experiences.
Functional Fixedness
- Defined as the mental block against using an object in a different way than its typical function, such as using pliers only for gripping rather than other possible uses.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the essential concepts of critical thinking as discussed in Chapter 1 of psychology. It highlights the cognitive skills and strategies that enhance problem-solving and decision-making. Test your understanding of how effective reasoning can achieve desirable outcomes.
