Critical Thinking Concepts: Validity, Soundness, Deduction vs. Induction

According to substance dualists, what is the relationship between brain damage and mental capacity?

Brain damage causes mental damage directly.
Mental capacity increases with brain deterioration.
Both the brain and mind are damaged simultaneously.
The mind remains intact despite brain damage. (correct)

Which theory aligns with the concept that pain can be correlated with specific brain states?

The Multiple Realizability Argument
Reductivism
Functionalism
Mind/Body Identity Theory (correct)

What does Functionalism propose about the Type/Token Distinction?

Only mammals can experience pain.
Type refers to specific instances of things. (correct)
Tokens are general classes of things.
Non-mammals do not have mental capacities.

Which argument suggests that pain is not identical to C4 fiber firings?

The Multiple Realizability Argument (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does Eliminativism differ from Reductivism?

Eliminativism asserts that constructs like witches are just illusions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the debate between physicalism and substance dualism, what does presently-available data tend to support?

Physicalism is more likely to be true than substance dualism. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Descartes' Dream Argument, which of the following is a valid reason to withhold assent from all beliefs?

We could be unknowingly dreaming right now. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main premise of Descartes' Evil Demon Argument?

An all-powerful, malevolent demon could be tricking us into believing mathematical truths and the existence of bodies. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the conclusion of Descartes' Cogito argument?

I think, therefore I am a thinking thing. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the objective reality of an idea, according to Descartes?

The kind of reality an idea has in virtue of what it's about. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence or attribute of the mind, according to Descartes?

Its ability to think and doubt. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence of bodies, according to Descartes?

Their mathematical properties, such as quantities, shapes, and positions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Cartesian Circle, and why is it problematic?

It is the circular reasoning Descartes uses to prove God's existence and the reliability of clear and distinct perceptions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence of Descartes' interactive mind/body dualism?

The mind and body are separate substances that causally interact. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main premise of Descartes' Divisibility Argument for mind/body dualism?

The body is divisible, but the mind is not. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is Princess Elizabeth's objection to Cartesian dualism?

How can an immaterial mind causally interact with a material body? (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key condition for an argument to be valid?

It is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false at the same time (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the given example, which type of argument is the one with "All men are mortal, Obama is a man, therefore Obama is mortal"?

Valid (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reasoning process aims at providing certain knowledge and focuses on the validity of arguments?

Deduction (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Descartes' Dream Argument, what is the reason for withholding assent from all beliefs?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which fallacy is committed when the truth of something is presupposed in an attempt to prove it?

Begging the question (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of arguments, what does it mean for an argument to be 'cogent'?

The argument is inductively strong and has plausible premises (A) Signup and view all the answers