Critical Thinking and Reasoning

Questions and Answers

Fully reflective reasoning is pretty much the same as:

Analytical reasoning

Emotional intelligence

Critical thinking (correct)

Problem solving

What is the difference between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning?

Deductive reasoning leads to a certain conclusion given true premises, while inductive reasoning provides probable support for a conclusion.

What are the two types of informal reasoning?

Heuristics and dialectical thinking.

Define quasi-reflective judgment and provide an example.

Quasi-reflective judgment is the thinking that any answer is as good as another; for example, thinking spanking is okay for some but not for others. Signup and view all the answers

Name two barriers to reasoning logically and how might you overcome them?

Hindsight bias and confirmation bias; overcoming them requires considering multiple sources of information and critical thinking. Signup and view all the answers

Define pre-reflective judgment and give an example.

Pre-reflective judgment is the belief that a correct answer exists and is obtained through senses or authority; e.g., believing spanking is the best discipline method due to prior teaching. Signup and view all the answers

What is an algorithm and provide an example?

An algorithm is a problem-solving strategy guaranteed to yield a solution; for example, the steps to complete a long division problem. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the differences between the book's definition of thought and the definition of thought provided in class.

The book defines thought as the mental manipulation of internal representations, while the class defined it as intraverbal behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Provide the definitions of both heuristics and dialectical reasoning.

A heuristic is a rule of thumb that guides problem-solving but does not guarantee optimal solutions; dialectical reasoning weighs opposing ideas to resolve differences. Signup and view all the answers

Give one example of both deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning.

Deductive: 'I like fruit. Papayas are fruit. Therefore, I must like papayas.' Inductive: 'I like fruit. Papayas are fruit that most people like. Therefore, I probably would like papayas.' Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reflective Reasoning

Fully reflective reasoning equates to critical thinking.

Types of Reasoning

Deductive reasoning leads to a necessarily true conclusion when premises are true.
Inductive reasoning allows for conclusions that may be true but are not guaranteed to be correct.
Informal problem-solving utilizes heuristics and dialectical thinking.

Quasi-Reflective Judgment

Quasi-reflective judgment acknowledges uncertainty in finding a singular correct answer, suggesting all perspectives are valid.
Example: Views on spanking vary by individual belief, indicating different "correct" answers based on personal perspective.

Barriers to Logical Reasoning

Hindsight bias and confirmation bias can obstruct logical reasoning.
Overcoming these barriers involves consulting diverse information sources, exercising critical thinking, and avoiding assumptions about knowledge.

Pre-Reflective Judgment

Pre-reflective judgment assumes a correct answer exists and can be discovered through sensory perception or authority.
Example: Belief that spanking is the best discipline method based on traditional teachings rather than personal evaluation.

Problem-Solving Strategies

An algorithm is a structured method to solve a problem, ensuring a solution regardless of user’s understanding.
Example: Steps for completing long division.

Definitions of Thought

The book presents thought as mental manipulation of internal representations (objects, activities, situations).
Class definition characterizes thought as intraverbal behavior, emphasizing its behavioral aspect.

Heuristics and Dialectical Reasoning

Heuristics are rules of thumb guiding actions or problem-solving without ensuring the best outcome.
Dialectical reasoning evaluates opposing ideas to determine optimal solutions or reconcile differences.

Examples of Reasoning

Deductive reasoning example: “I like fruit. Papayas are fruit. Therefore, I like papayas.”
Inductive reasoning example: “I like fruit. Papayas are liked by many. Therefore, I probably like papayas.”

Description

This quiz explores the concepts of reflective reasoning, types of reasoning, and barriers to logical reasoning. You'll delve into topics such as deductive and inductive reasoning, quasi-reflective judgment, and how biases can affect critical thinking. Test your understanding of these fundamental ideas in reasoning and judgment.