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He pointed out that a school of criminology connotes “the system of thought which consists of an integrated theory of causation of crime and of policies of control implied in the theory of causation”.
Edwin Sutherland
Therefore, a school of criminology implies the following three important points: The adherents of each school try to explain the _______ and ________ in their own way relying on the theory propounded by the exponent of that particular school. Each school of criminology suggests _____and ______ measures to suit its ideology. And, each of the schools represents the _____ of people towards crime and criminal in a given time.
Causation of Crime and Criminal Behavior, Punishment and Preventive, Social Attitude
• In an attempt to find a ___ explanation of crime, a large number of theories have been ____ •Various factors such as evil spirit, sin, disease, heredity, economic maladjustment etc. have been put forward either singly or together to explain criminality.
Rational and Propounded
The period of seventeenth and eighteenth century in Europe was dominated by the _______. The dominance of religion in State activities was the chief characteristic of that time.
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In political sphere, thinkers such as ___ and ___ were concentrating on ____ as the basis of social evolution. The concept of ___ right of king advocating supremacy of monarch was held in great esteem.
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As scientific knowledge was yet unknown the concept of crime was rather ___ and ___ There was a general belief that man by nature is simple and his actions are controlled by some super power. It was generally believed that a man commits crime due to the influence of some external spirit called ____. Thus an offender commits a wrongful act not because of his own free will but due to the influence of some external super power.
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No attempt was, however, made to probe into the real causes of crime. This ___ theory of criminality propounded by the exponents of pre-classical school acknowledged the ___ of spirit, which they regarded as a great power. Worships, sacrifices and ordeals by water and fire were usually prescribed to specify the spirit and relieve the victim from its evil influence.
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An ___ is an ancient manner of trial in criminal cases. When an offender pleaded “not guilty”, he might choose whether he would put himself for trial upon God and the country, by 12 men or upon God only, and then it was called ____. presuming that God would deliver the innocent. Examples of such ordeals are, throwing into fire, throwing into water after tying a stone to his neck, administration of oath by calling up God’s wrath, trial by battle, etc
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The justification advanced for these rituals was the familiar belief that “when the human agency ___, recourse to divine means of proof becomes most ____”. Though these practices appear to be most irrational and barbarous to the modern mind, they were universally accepted and were in existence in most Christian countries till thirteenth century. The ____ law completely ignored the system of ordeals and it was forbidden in ____.
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The right of society to punish the offender was, however, well recognized. The offender was regarded as an ____ person who could be cured only by torture and pain. _____ at the hands of monarch was a sufficient deterrent for the members of early society to keep them away from sinful acts which were synonymous to crimes
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The _____ thinking, however, withered away with the lapse of time and advancement of knowledge.
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____ are Individuals were thought to be possessed by good or evil spirits, which caused good or evil. ____ is the most ancient theory of crime and dates back to pre-scientific age.
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Ideas: Criminals are possessed by some ____ that force them to commit evil deeds. A Crime is not a product of ___ , but rather [it] is determined by forces beyond the control of an individual i.e. ____ approach.
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A crime is perceived as a __ , thus a handiwork of the devil/Satan. There are __ and ___forces in the World.
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The Godly forces keep a man away from __ and help him to do ___, whereas the devilish forces distract man from the ___ i.e. makes him commit crimes.
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The devil/demon takes possession of the soul of a man and makes him think and do wrong i.e. he becomes reckless and is unable to foresee the consequences of his action. In that state, a man can be regarded as a ___ agent only; the ___ agent (the demon) is a force external to soul but which somehow enters a man and take possession of his soul.
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Study Notes
School of Criminology
- A school of criminology is a system of thought that integrates a theory of crime causation and policies to control it.
- Each school explains the causes and consequences of crime in its unique way.
- Each school recommends prevention and control measures based on its ideology.
- Each school represents the societal perspective towards crime and criminals at a specific time.
Pre-Classical School
- This school dominated the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.
- It was heavily influenced by religious beliefs and the concept of the divine right of kings.
- It attributed crime to external forces like evil spirits.
- It believed that humans are inherently simple and their actions are controlled by supernatural powers.
- It used ordeals, like fire or water, to determine guilt or innocence.
Ordeals
- Ordeals were ancient methods of trial used to determine guilt or innocence.
- These rituals often involved inflicting pain or danger upon the accused, believing God would protect the innocent.
- Ordeals were outlawed in the 13th century by the common law.
Punishment in the Pre-Classical School
- The right of society to punish offenders was acknowledged, but it was seen as a means to alleviate the influence of the evil spirit.
- Punishment, often severe, was used to deter others from committing crimes.
Demonological Theory
- The most ancient theory of crime, dating back to the pre-scientific era.
- It suggests criminals are possessed by evil spirits that force them to commit crimes.
- A crime is seen as a product of external forces rather than the individual’s will.
- The theory suggests a constant struggle between good and evil forces.
- The evil forces (devils) are external to the individual but somehow enter the soul, making the individual reckless and unaware of the consequences of their actions.
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Pre Christianity - Demonological
