Questions and Answers
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with an atavistic person according to Lombroso?
What type of criminals does Lombroso categorize as being triggered by emotional forces?
Which subtype of occasional criminal is characterized by being easily swayed or tempted to commit crimes?
What does phrenology or craniology focus on in relation to personality traits?
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In physiognomy, what facial feature is said to signify stupidity?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of criminal identified by Lombroso?
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Kretschmer's theory relates body type to personality traits. Which of the following body types is associated with a choleric temperament?
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What aspect of a person's appearance is suggested to indicate laziness in physiognomic interpretations?
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What is a potential impact of a poor diet on behavior?
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Which of the following can result from maternal smoking during pregnancy?
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What consequence can arise from children born with high levels of birth complications?
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What hormone fluctuation is commonly linked to premenstrual syndrome?
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Which of the following substances is linked to increased behavior problems when consumed?
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What does the Classical School view as the primary factor leading to crime?
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Which principle is associated with people seeking pleasure and avoiding pain?
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What type of punishment did Cesare Beccaria advocate for?
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How did Jeremy Bentham categorize human conduct?
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What was Cesare Beccaria’s stance on torture?
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What is utilitarianism primarily concerned with?
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What did Beccaria believe about government control?
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What architectural structure is Jeremy Bentham credited with developing?
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Which physique type is characterized by thinness, narrow shoulders, and a serious personality?
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What temperament is associated with the ectomorphic body type?
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Which body type is defined as muscular with strong skeleton development and is associated with aggressive behavior?
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What type is characterized by having rounded bodies and fluctuations in mood?
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In the Juke family tree study, what was notable about the descendants of Ada Juke?
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Which somatotype is likened to Kretschmer's pyknic body type?
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Under Kretschmer's classification, which type is likely to commit crimes against decency and morality?
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What physical characteristic defines mesomorphs?
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What do the terms 'kallos' and 'kakos' represent in the context of Martin Kalikak's family history?
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What significant outcome resulted from Martin Kalikak's relationship with a feebleminded woman?
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What were the traced outcomes of Jonathan Edwards's family tree according to A.E. Winship?
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In the twin studies discussed, what does the term 'MZ' refer to?
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What percentage of similarity in behavioral patterns was reported among MZ (identical twins) according to the twin studies?
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What is the primary focus of adoption studies mentioned in the document?
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Which group was primarily affected by negative traits within Martin Kalikak's family lineage?
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What were the dominant professions of Jonathan Edwards's descendants as identified in the study?
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Study Notes
Classical School of Thought
- Crime is viewed as a result of free will, hedonism, and rational choice.
- Free will allows individuals to make their own decisions; hedonism encourages pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain.
- Rationality involves logical judgment, aligning with societal norms for decision-making.
- Utilitarianism, developed by Jeremy Bentham, focuses on maximizing happiness for the greatest number.
Key Figures in Classical School
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Cesare Beccaria: Founded the classical school; published "On Crimes and Punishment" in 1764.
- Advocated a utilitarian government where individuals have a voice.
- Good punishment should be clear, swift, and appropriate; opposed torture and capital punishment.
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Jeremy Bentham: Established the utilitarian philosophy.
- Developed the Panopticon for prison design, allowing central supervision of inmates.
- Categories of human conduct based on how actions promote overall happiness.
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Cesare Lombroso: Often called the father of modern criminology.
- Believed physical characteristics (stigmata) could identify criminals, linking them to primitive evolutionary stages.
Characteristics of an Atavistic Person
- Notable physical traits: twisted noses, long arms, drooping eyes, large ears, protruding jaws, sloped foreheads, dark skin, deformed skulls.
Lombroso's Classification of Criminals
- Born Criminals: Individuals with atavistic traits.
- Insane Criminals: Those with anatomical/biological issues, such as alcoholics and imbeciles.
- Criminals by Passion: Motivated by strong emotional forces like love or anger.
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Occasional Criminals: Crime occurs given opportunity; can be divided further into:
- Criminaloid: Easily tempted individuals.
- Epileptoid: Individuals with epilepsy.
- Habitual Criminal: Develops criminality from bad habits.
- Pseudo Criminal: Normal individuals committing crimes under pressure (e.g., self-defense).
Physiognomy and Craniology
- Physiognomy: Analyzing personality from facial features; specific traits linked to personality.
- Phrenology: Associated with character traits based on skull shape.
Kretschmer's Body Classifications
- Asthenic: Thin, shy, linked to petty theft.
- Athletic: Muscular, aggressive, prone to violence.
- Pyknic: Fat, mood swings, likely to commit fraud.
- Dysplastic: Mixed physique, associated with morality violations.
Somatotypes by William Sheldon
- Ectomorph: Slender, introverted.
- Endomorph: Fat, sociable, relaxed.
- Mesomorph: Muscular, dynamic, aggressive.
Family Studies
- Juke Family: Studied by Richard Dugdale; had many criminals and social issues.
- Kalikak Family: Studied by Henry Goddard; showed contrasting "good" and "bad" descendants based on relationships.
- Jonathan Edwards Family: Demonstrated a successful family lineage with no criminal activity.
Twin Studies
- Investigated behavioral similarities; higher resemblance among identical (MZ) twins (52%) compared to fraternal (DZ) twins (22%).
Adoption Studies
- Analyzed behaviors of adopted children in relation to their biological and adopting parents, suggesting hereditary criminal behaviors.
Food and Behavior
- Poor diet linked to aggression, frustration, and poor self-esteem.
- Improved nutrition and exercise can reduce antisocial behaviors.
Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Behavior
- Complications at birth correlate with aggression; premature birth leads to learning and emotional issues.
- Maternal alcohol consumption can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
- Smoking during pregnancy linked to conduct disorders in adolescents.
- Depression and anxiety during pregnancy may predict postpartum depression.
Premenstrual Syndrome and Behavior
- Hormonal fluctuations before menstruation can lead to irritability, mood swings, and aggression.
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Description
This quiz explores the Classical School of criminology, which emphasizes free will, rational choice, and hedonism in understanding criminal behavior. Dive into concepts such as the rational calculation of costs and benefits and how they relate to crime. Test your knowledge on these foundational theories in criminology.
