Criminology Schools of Thought

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with an atavistic person according to Lombroso?

Twisted or flat nose

Clear complexion (correct)

Sloped foreheads

Drooping eyes

What type of criminals does Lombroso categorize as being triggered by emotional forces?

Born criminals

Occasional criminals

Criminals by Passion (correct)

Insane criminals

Which subtype of occasional criminal is characterized by being easily swayed or tempted to commit crimes?

Habitual criminal

Criminaloid (correct)

Epileptoid

Pseudo Criminal

What does phrenology or craniology focus on in relation to personality traits?

Skull formation Signup and view all the answers

In physiognomy, what facial feature is said to signify stupidity?

Big upper lips Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of criminal identified by Lombroso?

Opportunistic criminals Signup and view all the answers

Kretschmer's theory relates body type to personality traits. Which of the following body types is associated with a choleric temperament?

Mesomorphic Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a person's appearance is suggested to indicate laziness in physiognomic interpretations?

Fat ears Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential impact of a poor diet on behavior?

Frustration and aggression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can result from maternal smoking during pregnancy?

Higher chances of conduct disorder Signup and view all the answers

What consequence can arise from children born with high levels of birth complications?

Increased aggression Signup and view all the answers

What hormone fluctuation is commonly linked to premenstrual syndrome?

Decreased progesterone and increased estrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is linked to increased behavior problems when consumed?

Synthetic colorings and preservatives Signup and view all the answers

What does the Classical School view as the primary factor leading to crime?

Free will and rational choice Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is associated with people seeking pleasure and avoiding pain?

Hedonism Signup and view all the answers

What type of punishment did Cesare Beccaria advocate for?

Clear, swift, and appropriate punishment Signup and view all the answers

How did Jeremy Bentham categorize human conduct?

Morally Best vs. Less Moral Signup and view all the answers

What was Cesare Beccaria’s stance on torture?

It is inhumane and ineffective Signup and view all the answers

What is utilitarianism primarily concerned with?

The greatest happiness for the greatest number Signup and view all the answers

What did Beccaria believe about government control?

It should prioritize the greater good of society Signup and view all the answers

What architectural structure is Jeremy Bentham credited with developing?

A prison design known as the Panopticon Signup and view all the answers

Which physique type is characterized by thinness, narrow shoulders, and a serious personality?

Asthenic Signup and view all the answers

What temperament is associated with the ectomorphic body type?

Cerebrotonic Signup and view all the answers

Which body type is defined as muscular with strong skeleton development and is associated with aggressive behavior?

Athletic Signup and view all the answers

What type is characterized by having rounded bodies and fluctuations in mood?

Pyknic Signup and view all the answers

In the Juke family tree study, what was notable about the descendants of Ada Juke?

Many engaged in criminal activities. Signup and view all the answers

Which somatotype is likened to Kretschmer's pyknic body type?

Endomorph Signup and view all the answers

Under Kretschmer's classification, which type is likely to commit crimes against decency and morality?

Dysplastic Signup and view all the answers

What physical characteristic defines mesomorphs?

Dominated muscles and heavy chest Signup and view all the answers

What do the terms 'kallos' and 'kakos' represent in the context of Martin Kalikak's family history?

Beauty or good and bad Signup and view all the answers

What significant outcome resulted from Martin Kalikak's relationship with a feebleminded woman?

He fathered an illegitimate son who perpetuated criminal behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What were the traced outcomes of Jonathan Edwards's family tree according to A.E. Winship?

Descendants assumed important societal roles. Signup and view all the answers

In the twin studies discussed, what does the term 'MZ' refer to?

Identical twins. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of similarity in behavioral patterns was reported among MZ (identical twins) according to the twin studies?

52 percent Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of adoption studies mentioned in the document?

To correlate adopted children's behaviors with biological and adoptive parents. Signup and view all the answers

Which group was primarily affected by negative traits within Martin Kalikak's family lineage?

The illegitimate offspring. Signup and view all the answers

What were the dominant professions of Jonathan Edwards's descendants as identified in the study?

Health and educational professionals. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical School of Thought

Crime is viewed as a result of free will, hedonism, and rational choice.
Free will allows individuals to make their own decisions; hedonism encourages pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain.
Rationality involves logical judgment, aligning with societal norms for decision-making.
Utilitarianism, developed by Jeremy Bentham, focuses on maximizing happiness for the greatest number.

Key Figures in Classical School

Cesare Beccaria: Founded the classical school; published "On Crimes and Punishment" in 1764.
- Advocated a utilitarian government where individuals have a voice.
- Good punishment should be clear, swift, and appropriate; opposed torture and capital punishment.
Jeremy Bentham: Established the utilitarian philosophy.
- Developed the Panopticon for prison design, allowing central supervision of inmates.
- Categories of human conduct based on how actions promote overall happiness.
Cesare Lombroso: Often called the father of modern criminology.
- Believed physical characteristics (stigmata) could identify criminals, linking them to primitive evolutionary stages.

Characteristics of an Atavistic Person

Notable physical traits: twisted noses, long arms, drooping eyes, large ears, protruding jaws, sloped foreheads, dark skin, deformed skulls.

Lombroso's Classification of Criminals

Born Criminals: Individuals with atavistic traits.
Insane Criminals: Those with anatomical/biological issues, such as alcoholics and imbeciles.
Criminals by Passion: Motivated by strong emotional forces like love or anger.
Occasional Criminals: Crime occurs given opportunity; can be divided further into:
- Criminaloid: Easily tempted individuals.
- Epileptoid: Individuals with epilepsy.
- Habitual Criminal: Develops criminality from bad habits.
- Pseudo Criminal: Normal individuals committing crimes under pressure (e.g., self-defense).

Physiognomy and Craniology

Physiognomy: Analyzing personality from facial features; specific traits linked to personality.
Phrenology: Associated with character traits based on skull shape.

Kretschmer's Body Classifications

Asthenic: Thin, shy, linked to petty theft.
Athletic: Muscular, aggressive, prone to violence.
Pyknic: Fat, mood swings, likely to commit fraud.
Dysplastic: Mixed physique, associated with morality violations.

Somatotypes by William Sheldon

Ectomorph: Slender, introverted.
Endomorph: Fat, sociable, relaxed.
Mesomorph: Muscular, dynamic, aggressive.

Family Studies

Juke Family: Studied by Richard Dugdale; had many criminals and social issues.
Kalikak Family: Studied by Henry Goddard; showed contrasting "good" and "bad" descendants based on relationships.
Jonathan Edwards Family: Demonstrated a successful family lineage with no criminal activity.

Twin Studies

Investigated behavioral similarities; higher resemblance among identical (MZ) twins (52%) compared to fraternal (DZ) twins (22%).

Adoption Studies

Analyzed behaviors of adopted children in relation to their biological and adopting parents, suggesting hereditary criminal behaviors.

Food and Behavior

Poor diet linked to aggression, frustration, and poor self-esteem.
Improved nutrition and exercise can reduce antisocial behaviors.

Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Behavior

Complications at birth correlate with aggression; premature birth leads to learning and emotional issues.
Maternal alcohol consumption can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
Smoking during pregnancy linked to conduct disorders in adolescents.
Depression and anxiety during pregnancy may predict postpartum depression.

Premenstrual Syndrome and Behavior

Hormonal fluctuations before menstruation can lead to irritability, mood swings, and aggression.

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Description

This quiz explores the Classical School of criminology, which emphasizes free will, rational choice, and hedonism in understanding criminal behavior. Dive into concepts such as the rational calculation of costs and benefits and how they relate to crime. Test your knowledge on these foundational theories in criminology.