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Classical and Neoclassical Criminology
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Classical and Neoclassical Criminology

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Questions and Answers

What does the Classical School/Classical Criminology argue is the result of the exercise of free will?

  • Socialization
  • Fear of punishment
  • Criminal behavior (correct)
  • Economic conditions
  • What is hedonistic calculus?

    The idea that behavior holds value based on the expected pleasure or pain it will produce.

    What is a Panopticon?

    A circular building with cells that are easily visible and staffed by guards.

    What are important concepts of Neoclassical Criminology?

    <p>Situational crime prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Nothing-works doctrine suggests that correctional treatment programs are highly successful.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Justice Model based on?

    <p>The 'Just Deserts' philosophy of crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Rational Choice Theory argue?

    <p>Crime results from a conscious choice where benefits outweigh the costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Routine Activities Theory state about crime?

    <p>Crime is likely to occur when a motivated offender encounters a suitable target without a capable guardian.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Situational Choice Theory focus on?

    <p>Choices made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a capable guardian?

    <p>To effectively discourage crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Lifestyle Theory link victimization risks to?

    <p>Daily behaviors of particular individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'The Seductions of Crime' about?

    <p>How crime can be pleasurable for those committing it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Situational Crime Prevention concerned with?

    <p>Strategies to prevent crime through environmental design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Positivism argue about criminal behavior?

    <p>It results from forces beyond the individual's control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of target hardening?

    <p>To reduce criminal activity in a specific location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Just Deserts Model state?

    <p>Offenders deserve punishment appropriate to their crimes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deterrence in criminal sentencing?

    <p>Stopping criminal behavior through the fear of punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does general deterrence aim to achieve?

    <p>Prevent others from committing similar crimes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is specific deterrence?

    <p>Preventing a particular offender from repeating criminal behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does recidivism measure?

    <p>The repetition of criminal behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is capital punishment?

    <p>The legal imposition of a death sentence on a convicted offender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'truth in sentencing'?

    <p>The comparison between an offender's sentence and time spent in prison.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is incapacitation?

    <p>Reducing the chances of an offender committing future offenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cesare Beccaria argue about trial and punishment?

    <p>They should be swift and certain for criminals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'Three Strikes' law?

    <p>A law stating that repeat felons get a sentence of 25 years to life after three convictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does classical deterrence focus on?

    <p>Pleasure and pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of situational crime prevention?

    <p>Street robberies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central feature in both classical and neoclassical thought?

    <p>Punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the crime funnel reveal?

    <p>Less than 1% of law violators in America spend time in prison.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been criticized about situational crime prevention and target hardening?

    <p>Resulting in the displacement of crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are some people against capital punishment?

    <p>Because DNA testing has led to the exoneration of falsely convicted individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does rational justice focus on?

    <p>Deterrence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does emotional justice focus on?

    <p>Retribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are determinate sentencing schemes based on?

    <p>Notions of classical thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why have prison populations increased?

    <p>Due to the implementation of determinate sentencing strategies and truth in sentencing laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does selective incapacitation suggest?

    <p>Most crimes are committed by a small number of repeat offenders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classical School/Classical Criminology

    • Emerged during the Enlightenment, emphasizing rationality and free will.
    • Crime is seen as a result of personal choice and the decision-making process.
    • Key concepts include:
      • Deterrence through punishment
      • Social contract
      • Due process
      • Panopticon

    Hedonistic Calculus

    • Proposed by Jeremy Bentham.
    • Suggests that individuals assess pleasure vs. pain when making decisions.

    Panopticon

    • A circular prison design by Jeremy Bentham with visible cells and guards.
    • Aims to facilitate surveillance and deter crime.

    Neoclassical Criminology

    • Reflects contemporary society with a focus on character development and rational choice.
    • Advocates for get-tough policies.
    • Important concepts:
      • Rational choice
      • Routine activities
      • Situational crime prevention
      • Target hardening
      • Just deserts

    Nothing-Works Doctrine

    • Proposed by Robert Martinson; asserts little success in rehabilitating offenders through correctional programs.

    Justice Model

    • A modern imprisonment model based on the "Just Deserts" philosophy which emphasizes proportional punishment.

    Rational Choice Theory

    • Crime results from conscious decisions where perceived benefits outweigh risks.
    • Aligns with classical criminology, emphasizing rational thought.

    Routine Activities Theory

    • Proposes that crime is likely when a motivated offender encounters a suitable target without capable guardianship.

    Situational Choice Theory

    • Focuses on the choices made in specific contexts, influenced by situational constraints and opportunities.

    Capable Guardian

    • An individual or system that effectively deters crime.

    Lifestyle Theory

    • Links victimization risk to individual's daily behaviors and lifestyle choices.

    The Seductions of Crime

    • A book by Jack Katz that explores the pleasurable aspects of criminal acts, positing pleasure as a key motivation.

    Situational Crime Prevention

    • Targets crime prevention through an analysis of environments conducive to crime.
    • Shifts focus from why crime occurs to the specifics of where it happens.

    Positivism

    • Belief that external forces, like genetics and social environment, influence criminal behavior, countering the idea of free will.

    Target Hardening

    • Strategies aimed at reducing crime in specific locations through physical or design barriers.

    Just Deserts Model

    • The principle that punishments should be proportionate to the crime committed.

    Deterrence

    • The intent to prevent criminal behavior by instilling fear of punishment.

    General Deterrence

    • Aims to prevent the public from committing crimes by sentencing a specific offender.

    Specific Deterrence

    • Focused on preventing a particular offender from repeating their crime.

    Recidivism

    • Refers to the tendency of previously incarcerated individuals to re-offend, signifying treatment program effectiveness.

    Capital Punishment

    • The legal execution of a convicted felon.

    Truth in Sentencing

    • Laws mandating offenders serve a substantial portion of their sentences, often at least 80%.

    Incapacitation

    • Involves imprisonment or similar measures to prevent offenders from committing further crimes.

    Cesare Beccaria

    • Advocated for swift, certain trials and punishments, suggesting criminals choose to commit crimes and can be deterred.

    "Three Strikes" Law

    • Mandates severe penalties (25 years to life) for felons convicted of three or more serious offenses.

    Classical Deterrence

    • Concentrates on balancing pleasure and pain in decision-making.

    Crime Funnel

    • Illustrates that less than 1% of law violators serve prison time, indicating significant gaps in punishment.

    Situational Crime Prevention Criticism

    • Critics claim it leads to crime being displaced to other areas rather than overall reduction.

    Death Penalty Information Center

    • Highlights issues of racial disproportion in capital punishment.

    DNA Exoneration

    • Increases skepticism around capital punishment risk due to wrongful convictions.

    Rational Justice

    • Focuses on deterrence as a primary goal of sentencing.

    Emotional Justice

    • Focuses on retribution as a response to crime.

    Determinate Sentencing Schemes

    • Built on classical thought principles which believe in quantifying crime's pleasure and necessary deterrent punishment.

    Increasing Prison Populations

    • Growth attributed to determinate sentencing strategies and truth in sentencing laws.

    Selective Incapacitation

    • Proposes that a small number of repeat offenders commit most crimes, justifying targeted imprisonment strategies.

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    Description

    Explore the foundational theories of classical and neoclassical criminology, including key concepts such as deterrence, hedonistic calculus, and the panopticon. This quiz will test your understanding of how rational choice and social contract theories influence modern approaches to crime and punishment.

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