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Questions and Answers

What should be provided when citing a long heading or section name for clarity?

  • A full paragraph summary
  • An abbreviated heading in quotation marks (correct)
  • An irrelevant section name
  • Only the author's name

Which citation format is recommended for quoting advice about kidney failure prevention?

  • Listing items without section references
  • Citing the section name with quoted items (correct)
  • Using only the publication year
  • Citing just the article title

What is an acceptable way to use paragraph numbers in a citation?

  • Only use numbers after the paragraph is cited
  • Ignore paragraph numbers altogether
  • Manually count the paragraphs for citation (correct)
  • Cite paragraph numbers without context

When combining a section name with a paragraph number in citations, what is one example given?

<p>Including both the section and paragraph number (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for moving joints through a full range of motion according to the provided example?

<p>To maintain flexibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example provided regarding retirement, what emotional support is suggested to be necessary?

<p>Stockpiling emotional reserves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it vital to use proper citation formats when quoting sources?

<p>To ensure accurate understanding and attribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of quoting rhythmic memory skills illustrate?

<p>The correlation between memory skills and language abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of elements in a reference for a newspaper article?

<p>Title of article, year of publication, newspaper title, page number(s) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which citation format is used for in-text citations when referencing an article without an author?

<p>(Title of article, Year of publication) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a reference, which part follows the title of the article?

<p>Year of publication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary component of a reference for a newspaper article?

<p>The page number(s) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a correct way to cite a source with an author in-text?

<p>Author's last name (Year of publication) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the reference is italicized?

<p>Newspaper title (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mentioned as a skill that is disappearing from high schools but is important for college readiness?

<p>Language vocabulary acquisition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should immediately follow the page number in a reference?

<p>URL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When referencing a newspaper article, what comes first in the list structure?

<p>Title of article (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the method used in the study by Krashen to relate to vocabulary acquisition?

<p>Students watching a video clip (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for in-text citations according to the guidelines?

<p>Including the author's last name and publication year (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way to format in-text citations?

<p>Quotation citation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is necessary when directly quoting a source in a research paper?

<p>Including a page number (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be ensured about in-text citations and reference lists?

<p>Every in-text citation must appear in the reference list (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about personal communications in citations?

<p>They should not be included in the reference list (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of Krashen's claim regarding vocabulary acquisition?

<p>It assumes reading is always effective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What punctuation is used to separate multiple authors in a journal reference?

<p>&amp; (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reference list for an article without an author, what should be included in place of the author name?

<p>Title of the article (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which format is correct for referencing an online journal article with a DOI?

<p>Author(s).(Year).Title.Journal name, Volume(Issue), Page numbers.doi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should replace the 'doi' in a journal reference if the article is accessed online without a DOI?

<p>Homepage URL of the journal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When citing a news article in-text, which of the following formats is correct?

<p>(Author, Year, Month Day) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the title of a journal be formatted in a reference list?

<p>Italicized only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an article reference for a print newspaper, which element is included after the newspaper title?

<p>Page number (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of indicating similarities between sources in a literature review?

<p>To highlight your reading skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of contrast in literature reviews?

<p>Highlighting differences in perspectives among sources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is critical analysis particularly important for university students and professors?

<p>It helps identify flaws in existing arguments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of contrasting research, what does Wankey (2023) emphasize regarding research design?

<p>Use of both qualitative and quantitative concepts is beneficial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of poor critical analysis in literature reviews?

<p>An inability to refute weak arguments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by presenting the RRL in qualitative research according to multiple authors?

<p>It is crucial for a comprehensive understanding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'common denominator' refer to in the context of contrasting sources?

<p>The shared focus on a specific aspect of research design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of good reading skills in literature reviews?

<p>Finding both similarities and differences among sources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do when citing works that share the same authors except for one?

<p>Include the last author's complete name and use 'et al.' for others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct abbreviation for the World Health Organization in citations?

<p>WHO (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the citation method for group authors?

<p>Only the first citation must include the abbreviation in square brackets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'et al.' mean in citations?

<p>And others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When citing a secondary source, what should you primarily do?

<p>Acknowledge the original source, even if using the secondary one. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which citation format is correct for the first citation of the Ministry of Health?

<p>Ministry of Health (MOH, 2007) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should subsequent citations of a group author be formatted after the first citation?

<p>Use only the abbreviation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When multiple authors are present in a citation, what should be done if the final author's name differs between two works?

<p>Spell out all names in both citations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Comparison in Literature Review

Highlighting similarities between different sources in a literature review.

Contrast in Literature Review

Pointing out differences between two or more sources in a literature review.

Critical Analysis

Evaluating the strength and weaknesses of research findings through examination of arguments and evidence.

Purpose of Comparison

Showcase reading skills by identifying commonalities between different sources.

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Purpose of Contrast

Showcase analytical skills by highlighting differences between sources.

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Critical Analysis in Research

Identifying potential flaws, weaknesses, or limitations in existing research.

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Role of Critical Analysis

To provide a foundation for future research by identifying areas for improvement or further investigation.

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Level of Critical Analysis

Expected primarily from academics and researchers, demonstrating advanced research skills.

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In-text Citation

A brief reference within the main text of a research paper, indicating the source of information.

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Parenthetical Citation

An in-text citation placed within parentheses, typically including the author's last name and publication year.

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Direct Quote

A verbatim excerpt from another author's work, enclosed in quotation marks.

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APA Style Citation

A standardized format for citing sources in academic writing, developed by the American Psychological Association.

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Reference List

A complete list of all sources cited in the main text, appearing at the end of the document.

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In-text Citation Rules

Guidelines for properly referencing sources within the main text of a research paper.

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Why use citations?

To acknowledge the work of others, to provide evidence for your arguments, and to allow readers to locate the original sources.

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Personal Communication

Information obtained from a private conversation, interview, or email, that does not require a reference list entry.

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Shortening Author Lists

When citing multiple authors, you can shorten the list using 'et al.' after the first few authors. This is used when the year is the same.

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Avoiding Ambiguity

When citing multiple works with the same first few authors but different later authors, use the full names of the first few authors, followed by 'et al.'

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Single-Name Difference

When only the last author in a citation is different, list all names in every citation to avoid confusion.

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Group Authors

When the author is a group or organization, use their full name in the first citation, and an abbreviation in square brackets thereafter.

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Recognized Abbreviations

Some groups are recognized by a standard abbreviation (e.g., WHO for World Health Organization). Use these abbreviations instead of creating your own.

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Secondary Sources

When citing information from a source that cites another source, acknowledge both sources. The source you read is secondary.

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Original Material

Whenever possible, cite the original source of information to avoid potential errors or misinterpretations.

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Applying Rules to Groups

The same rules for shortening author lists apply to group authors. Use full names in the first citation and abbreviations thereafter.

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Journal Article Reference (with DOI)

The standard format for citing a journal article with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI). Include author(s) name(s), year of publication, article title, journal name (italicized), volume (italicized, issue number), page numbers, and DOI.

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Journal Article Reference (with URL)

The format for citing a journal article when a DOI is not available. Include author(s), year, title, journal name (italicized), volume (italicized, issue number), page numbers and the URL of the journal's homepage.

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In-text Citation (Journal Article)

The way to briefly acknowledge a journal article within the text of your writing. Use the author(s) last name(s) and year of publication in parentheses.

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Journal Article Reference (no author)

The format for citing a journal article when no author is listed. Include the article title (in quotation marks), year, journal name (italicized), volume (italicized, issue number), page numbers, DOI or URL.

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News Article Reference (print)

The format for citing a print news article. Include the author(s) name(s), year, month, day, article title, newspaper title (italicized) and page number(s).

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News Article Reference (on-line)

The format for citing an online news article. Include the author(s) name(s), year , month, day, article title, newspaper title (italicized), and the URL of the article.

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What is the purpose of in-text citations?

In-text citations are used within the body of a text to acknowledge and credit the sources of information used. They provide a brief reference that allows the reader to easily find the full citation in the reference list.

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What are the main elements of a journal article reference?

A journal article reference typically includes the author(s) name(s), year of publication, article title, journal name (italicized), volume (italicized, issue number), page numbers, and either a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) or URL.

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Reference Structure

The specific format for presenting a single source in a reference list, including the author's name, year of publication, title of article, journal/newspaper, page numbers, and URL.

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Why is referencing important?

It gives credit to the original authors of the information you use, avoids plagiarism, and allows readers to find the sources you used for further research.

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What are the four elements of a reference?

The four elements of a reference are: Author(s), Year of publication, Title of the work, and Source (e.g., journal, book, website).

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What are the components of an in-text citation?

An in-text citation typically includes the author's last name and year of publication, sometimes also the page number if relevant.

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Why is it important to use the correct reference style?

Consistency in referencing style is essential for clear communication and academic integrity, ensuring that your work is properly formatted and easy to understand.

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What are the advantages of using a referencing tool?

Referencing tools can help you create accurate citations, format your references correctly, and save time, reducing the risk of errors and improving the efficiency of your research process.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course: Criminological Research 1
  • Semester/Academic Year: First Semester/2023-2024
  • Module Number: 2
  • Lesson Title: APA Style Referencing

Learning Outcomes

  • Students will discuss the rules/guidelines in referencing different sources (in-text and reference list).
  • Students will properly cite resources using the APA style (7th Edition).
  • Students will apply the rules of guidelines in referencing source that includes in-text and reference list.
  • Students will apply the proper citation of references.

Student Learning Strategies

  • Synchronous Online Learning (Zoom): Three-hour class discussion, access to online discussion link beforehand, online/onsite assessment tasks, performance tasks assessed using provided rubrics, and reference to Facebook group for instructions.
  • Asynchronous Online Learning (Google Classroom): Recorded video lectures, PowerPoint presentations, self-paced learning modules and other course materials uploaded to Google Classroom, and assessment tasks given during online/onsite discussions.

APA Style Referencing

  • Referencing is important in academic writing, both morally (acknowledging other's work) and legally (avoiding plagiarism).
  • Referencing appears in the body of research text and the bibliography.
  • In-text Citation: Used in the body of the research paper when using other's work to support or argue ideas.
  • Reference List: Alphabetical list (on a separate page) of all cited sources.

In-Text Citations Techniques

  • Direct Quote: Use quotation marks. No more than three direct quotes per page; each quote should ideally be no longer than twenty words.
  • Paraphrasing: Summarizing ideas in your own words, preferred in research writing.
  • Comparison: Showing similarities between different sources.
  • Contrast: Highlighting differences between different sources.
  • Critical Analysis: Providing your critical assessment of the source's claims, usually expected from teachers, university students, and professors.
  • Author and Year: Include the authors' last name and the year of publication when citing sources. If there is more than one author, use the "et al." abbreviation for subsequent citations when the information is repeated in the text.
  • Page Numbers: Include page numbers when directly quoting a source.
  • In-text citations: Provide the surname of the author(s) or the name(s) of the group author(s) and year.
  • One Author Examples: Water is a necessary part of everyone's diet (Whitney, 2011).
  • Two Author Examples: Whitney and Rolfes (2011) emphasize that water is vital to body function.
  • Multiple Authors/Anonymous/Groups: Adapt approach based on if the content has an author/editor, one author, or more than one author etc.
  • Secondary Sources: Cite the original source "as cited in" another source in the text, and list the secondary source in the reference list.

Citing Internet Sources

  • General Format: Author (Last Name, Initial(s)), date, title of article (in italics), website/URL
  • Blog Posts: Apply the same style used for citing books or journals about the author and date format
  • YouTube/Video Clips: Use the name of the uploader, channel name, the date of the video upload, include the video title (italicized/in quotation marks, with the word "Video"), the website, and the video link.
  • No Author/Date: If there is no author or a date given, italicize the title and then put the date in brackets,
  • Corporate Author/Government Agency: The organization is listed as the author, using their name in full for first citation, using an abbreviation (in brackets) in subsequent citations.

Sources With No Year of Publication

  • Use "n.d." (no date) in place of publication year.

Quotations from Research Participants

  • Direct quotations treated differently than quotes from published works
  • Use the same formatting as other quotations (short quote, block quote).
  • Cite the participant as the source (ex: Participant A says X, Participant B says Y).

Web Content in-Text Citations

  • The author-date format is still used
  • Include the URL.

Four Elements of a Reference

  • Author
  • Date
  • Title
  • Source

Reference List Rules

  • Alphabetical order by author's last name.
  • Multiple works by the same author ordered by date (oldest first).
  • If no author, alphabetize by the first significant word, excluding articles "a," "an," and "the".
  • Use "&" instead of "and" when listing multiple authors.
  • First line left-justified, subsequent lines indented.
  • Capitalize only the first word of title or subtitle, and any proper names.
  • Italicize the title of the book, journal, or web document.

Additional Information

  • The notes include examples of various citation formats and are also applicable to online content and resources.

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