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Questions and Answers
What is the first step in the criminal process where a suspect becomes a defendant?
What is the main purpose of a preliminary hearing?
During which process does a defendant formally enter a plea?
What percentage of criminal defendants typically plead guilty through plea bargaining?
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What type of trial occurs when cases are not resolved by plea bargaining or jury trial?
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Which of the following is NOT a main purpose of an arraignment?
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What type of evidence is typically presented during an initial appearance?
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What part of the criminal process includes a judge deciding cases without a jury?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a punishment?
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What is an example of a constitutional ground for appealing a conviction?
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Which statement about parole is true?
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How can American criminal justice be accurately defined?
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When conservative values prevail, which model dominates criminal justice operations?
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According to the crime control model, what is the primary function of criminal justice?
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The due process model prioritizes which concept?
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What distinguishes criminal justice as an institution of social control from others?
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Which statement best describes the nature of criminal justice as compared to other social control institutions?
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Which agency is NOT considered one of the main components of American criminal justice?
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Which of the following offenses is eligible for the death penalty in the United States?
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What does 'jurisdiction' refer to in the context of criminal justice?
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When is an administrative record of an arrest typically created?
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Which of the following represents a formal method of social control in contemporary society?
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Which institution plays a role in maintaining societal order alongside criminal justice?
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Study Notes
Initial Appearance Process
- The initial procedure in the criminal justice system includes booking, preliminary hearing, and arraignment.
- Booking involves the formal recording of an arrest, including fingerprinting and photographs.
- Preliminary hearings assess the existence of probable cause before charges are formally filed.
- Arraignment means the suspect, now a defendant, is brought before the court to hear the charges and enter a plea.
Defendant Status
- A suspect becomes a defendant when charges are formally filed against them.
- A no bill from a grand jury indicates insufficient evidence, but does not change the suspect's status directly.
Purpose of Preliminary Hearing
- A preliminary hearing’s main goal is to determine probable cause regarding the alleged crime.
Purpose of Arraignment
- Arraignment focuses on hearing the indictment or formal charges and allows the defendant to enter a plea.
Plea Bargaining
- Approximately 95% of criminal defendants enter guilty pleas through plea bargaining, often resolving cases without a trial.
Trial Outcomes
- Cases unresolved by plea bargaining or jury trials are resolved through a bench trial, where a judge makes the ruling.
Function of Arraignment
- Arraignment serves to allow the defendant to enter a plea and to ensure their future appearances in court.
Types of Punishments
- Five general types of punishment exist in the U.S. criminal justice system, excluding transportation, which is not commonly used.
Grounds for Appeals
- Defendants can appeal convictions due to legal issues, including constitutional violations like illegal search and seizure.
Nature of Parole
- Parole is not unconditional; it typically comes after serving part of a sentence and is not granted automatically in all jurisdictions.
American Criminal Justice System
- The American criminal justice system reflects considerable conflicts and is more accurately described as a "nonsystem."
Crime Control Model Dominance
- In politically conservative climates, the crime control model, focusing on swift justice and crime suppression, often prevails in criminal justice policies.
Functions of Criminal Justice
- Under the crime control model, the primary function of criminal justice is crime prevention and control rather than rehabilitation.
Due Process Model
- The due process model emphasizes legal guilt, ensuring fair legal processes and protecting defendants' rights.
Institutions of Social Control
- Criminal justice serves as a vital institution of social control, distinct from family, schools, and religion, generally acting as the society’s ultimate enforcement body.
Agencies in American Criminal Justice
- The American criminal justice system is comprised of three main agencies: police, courts, and corrections; prisons are part of the corrections system.
Death Penalty Offenses
- The death penalty is applicable only to certain felony offenses, not misdemeanors or non-violent crimes like libel or slander.
Jurisdiction Definition
- Jurisdiction refers to the geographic area where a court has authority to hear cases, rather than the general organizational structure of law enforcement.
Arrest Documentation
- An administrative record of an arrest is created upon the booking phase during the initial appearance process.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the initial appearance in criminal procedures, covering topics such as booking, preliminary hearings, and arraignment. Learn when a suspect officially becomes a defendant and assess your understanding of the key terms involved.
