Criminal Law Concepts Quiz

Jurisprudence

• Jurisprudence is the study, knowledge, or science of law.
• It encompasses all laws, regulations, court decisions, and formal principles upon which laws are based.
• It includes legal philosophy.

Breach of Contract

• A breach of contract occurs when a party violates the terms of an existing contract.
• Reasons for breach may include prevention of performance or failure to perform due to inconvenience or difficulty, and abandonment of duty.
• Lucid interval refers to a period where a person is in sound mind. Consent during a lucid interval is considered valid.
• The NLRC is the National Labor Relations Commission.

Classification of Defective Contracts

• Voidable/Annullable Contracts: These contracts have a defect, either from incapacity to give consent or vitiated consent due to mistakes, violence, intimidation, undue influence, or fraud.
• Void/Inexistent Contracts: These contracts produce no legal effect and are not subject to ratification; they are valid until a judicial declaration.
• Unenforceable Contracts: These cannot be enforced in court due to certain reasons, such as lack of authority, non-compliance with the statute of frauds, or incapacity of both contracting parties.
• Rescissible Contracts: These contracts are valid but can be rescinded due to economic damage or lesion to one party or a third party, or fraud or lack of knowledge/approval from the judicial authority.

Sources of Law

• Law is a rule of conduct prescribed by a controlling authority.
• The sources may include the Constitution, Presidential decrees, Republic Acts, Congress, Department of Justice, Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and Executive Power of the President.

Legal Aspect

• Civil Law: Requires evidence and payment for damages based on the preponderance of evidence.
• Criminal Law: Demands proof beyond reasonable doubt and favors the accused. A defendant may be civilly liable for damages in a criminal case.
• Administrative Law: Grounds for revocation of licenses are part of this area.

Terminologies

• Obligation: An act of binding oneself to do something.
• Jurisprudence: The philosophy or science of law.
• Public Law: Law concerning government and its relationship with individuals.
• Private Law: Deals with relationships among individuals (contracts, property ownership).
• Constitutional Law: Sets out principles and provisions establishing specific laws.
• Statutory Law: Law enacted by the legislature.
• Judicial Law: Responsible for resolving controversies.
• Common Law: Accumulated body of law based on decisions.
• Administrative Law: Laws made by the executive branch.
• Good Samaritan Law: Protects medical professionals who render aid in emergencies.
• Narcotic Law: Controls and suppresses illegal use and distribution of narcotics.
• Will: A legal declaration of a person's intentions upon death.
• Testator: A person executing a will.
• Lawsuit: Legal action in court.
• Plaintiff: Party initiating a lawsuit.
• Defendant: Party being sued.
• Litigation: The process of a lawsuit.
• Criminal Case: Accusation of a crime.
• Civil Case: Dispute involving parties other than a crime.

Written Orders Issued by the Court

• Summons: Order to appear in court as a respondent or defendant.
• Subpoena Duces Tecum: Order to appear in court as a witness with necessary documents.
• Subpoena: Order to appear in court as a witness.
• Search Warrant: Order to search property.
• Arrest Warrant: Order to detain a person.

Ways Crime May Be Committed

• DOLO: Crime committed with deliberate intent.
• CULPA: Crime resulting from lack of knowledge, skills, negligence, or lack of foresight.

Classification of Felonies, according to Punishment

• Grave Felony: Imprisonment from 6 years and 1 day to life, with a fine exceeding ₱6,000.
• Less Grave Felony: Imprisonment from 1 month and 1 day to 6 years, with a fine of ₱200.00 to ₱6,000.
• Light Felony: Imprisonment from 1 day to 30 days, with a fine not exceeding ₱200.

Crimes Against Personal Liberty and Security

• Kidnapping: Forcible abduction of another.
• Illegal Detention: Detaining a person without warrant.
• Trespassing: Entering another's property without warrant.

Crimes Against Public Morals

• Illegal Gambling: Gambling for money.
• Indecent Exposure: Intentional exposure of private parts in public.
• Prostitution: Engaging in sexual intercourse for payment.
• Misdemeanor: A general term for a criminal offense not graded as a felony under the law.

Exempting Circumstances

• Insanity or imbecility
• Under 9 years old.
• Failure to perform an act due to lawful causes.
• Performance of lawful act causing injury by mere accident.
• Compulsion due to uncontrolled force or fear.

Mitigating Circumstances

• No intention to commit injury.
• Under 18 or over 70 years old
• Offender was provoked or threatened.
• Offender voluntarily surrendered.
• Physical defect/ disability

Aggravating Circumstances

• Taking advantage of a position of public office or abuse of power.
• Committing crime through treachery.
• Taking advantage of superior strength/position.
• Committing crime aided by intent.
• Committing crime through use of fire, poison, explosion, or calamity.
• Doing crime through disguise.
• Premeditated crime.
• Committing crime from cruelty.

Alternating Circumstances

• May increase or decrease criminal liability depending on the nature and effects of the crime.
• No criminal liability but has civil liability in some instances.

Crimes Against Honor

• Defamation: Injury to the honor & reputation.
  • Slander (oral)
  • Libel (written/printed)
  • Slander by deed (act causing dishonor)
• Conspiracy: A joint agreement of two or more people,
• Principal: Chief actor/mastermind

Persons Involved in a Conspiracy

• Accessories: Assist or participate in crime
• Accomplices: Don't directly execute but cooperating in crime.

Crimes Against Person

• Murder: Killing with criminal intent
• Homicide: Intentional killing without criminal intent.
• Parricide: Killing of a close relative (father, mother, child, spouse, ascendants or descendants).
• Infanticide: Killing a child under 3 years old.
• Abortion: Killing a fetus inside the uterus
• Physical Injuries: Wounding, beating, or assaulting another.

Crimes Against Property

• Robbery: Unlawful taking of another's property using force.
• Arson: Intentional burning of another person's property.
• Sabotage: Intentional damage to the property of the employer by the employee.

Crimes Against Chastity

• Rape: Forcible sexual intercourse without consent.
• Adultery: Sexual intercourse involving a married woman with another man.
• Concubinage: Cohabitation of a married man with a woman other than his wife.

Crimes Against Civil Status of Persons

• Simulation of Birth: Committing a crime to alter the facts of a birth certificate.
• Substitution of Child: Replacing one child with another.
• Bigamy: Contracting a second marriage when already legally married to another.

Other Important Legal Terms

• Acquitted: Declared innocent.
• Convicted: Declared guilty.
• Negligence: Failure to act with due care resulting in harm.
• Malpractice: Beyond one’s professional privileges.
• Res ipsa loquitur: The thing speaks for itself (no further proof needed).
• Respondent superior: Let the master answer for the acts of the underlings.
• Force majeure: Unforeseen, inevitable, and irresistible force (acts of God).

PRC-BOT Policies on Computerization

• General overview of policies on the computerization of various licensure exams.
• The topics cover details on Computerization of Licensure Examinations of data bank, and policies relating to computerization of tests.

Code of Ethics

• Article 1: Relation with State and Society: Radiologic Technologists are obligated to uphold constitutional and other legal authorities. They should keep the public's well-being in mind and participate in community betterment efforts.
• Article II: Relations with Patrons/Clients: Technologists must be respectful, honest in data management, and not discriminate against any patient.
• Article III: Relation with Other Allied Professions: There should be integrity, respect and adherence to the law in dealings between allied professions.
• Article IV: Relation with Agency: To maintain and support public and private institutions, in good standing with a vigilant approach to securing equipment and supplies.
• Article V: Relationships with Self: Be honest, responsible, involved in education and training, and not lend their names for advertisements without proper authorization.

Test your knowledge on fundamental concepts in criminal law, including definitions of crimes, penalties, and various circumstances that may affect criminal liability. This quiz covers key terms and principles essential for understanding legal frameworks.