Questions and Answers
How many pillars are there in the American Justice System?
What is the primary focus of the first division of Criminology?
What is the focus of the second division of Criminology?
What is the definition of Criminology according to Sutherland, Cressey, and Luckenbill?
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What is the main focus of the third division of Criminology?
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What does Criminology explain in society?
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What is the term for crimes that are naturally criminal on moral grounds?
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Which branch of government is empowered to define and punish criminal acts in the Philippines?
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What is the term for an act that is done by a person against their will?
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What is the definition of a crime in the criminological sense?
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Study Notes
Criminal Justice
- Criminal justice refers to the system of law enforcement, adjudication, and correction involved in apprehending, prosecuting, and controlling those charged with criminal offenses.
- In the American Justice System, there are three pillars: law enforcement, the court, and corrections.
- In the Philippines, there are five pillars: law enforcement, prosecution, the court, correction, and the community.
Criminology
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Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crimes as a social phenomenon.
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It involves the process of making laws, breaking laws, and reacting to law-breaking.
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Criminology has three related divisions:
Sociology of Criminal Law
- Analyzes the conditions under which penal laws develop and the procedures used in police agencies and courts.
- Focuses on "Law Making".
Sociology of Crimes and the Social Psychology of Criminal Behavior
-Examines the social and political conditions that generate or prevent the commission of crimes.
- Focuses on "Law-breaking".
Sociology of Punishments and Correction
- Analyzes the procedures and policies that aim to control crimes.
- Focuses on "Society's reaction to law-breaking".
Difference between Criminal Justice and Criminology
- Criminology explains the etiology, extent, and nature of crime in society.
- Criminal Justice studies the agencies of social control that handle criminal offenders.
Crime and Criminal Justice System
- Crime is an event that calls for the operation of the criminal justice system.
- A crime disturbs the tranquility and harmony of society, prompting police intervention.
Legal Principles or Maxims Regarding a Crime or a Criminal Act
- "Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege": There is no crime where no law is punishing it.
- "Actus non facit reum, nisi mens rea": A crime is not committed if the mind of the person performing the act is innocent.
- "Actus me invito factus, non est meus actus": An act done by me against my will is not my act.
- "Mala En Se" and "Mala Prohibita":
- "Mala En Se" refers to crimes that are naturally criminal on moral grounds.
- "Mala Prohibita" refers to crimes criminalized for regulatory purposes.
Department of the Government defines and punishes an act
- The 1987 Philippine Constitution empowers the Legislative branch of the government or Congress to define and punish an act.
- Local legislative bodies are also authorized to enact laws that are criminal or penal in nature and are applicable within their respective territorial jurisdiction.
Crime in Criminological Sense
- A crime is a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by a criminal legal code created by people holding social political power.
- Individuals who violate these rules are subject to sanctions by state authority.
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Description
Learn about the definition and components of the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, adjudication, and correction, as explained by Siegel and Senna.
