40 Questions
What is the central idea of the due process approach?
Prioritizing the rights and liberties of citizens over the information needs of law enforcement
What was the primary goal of the civil rights movement in the 1960s?
To increase public awareness of individual rights and expand basic due process protections
What was the outcome of the landmark case of Gideon v. [Wainwright]?
The Supreme Court specified the powers of the police and emphasized the need to recognize and protect the rights of suspects
What is a primary reason why federal law enforcement cannot exert authority over local matters?
Unless requested to do so by local authorities
What is the main difference between the due process approach and the crime control approach?
The due process approach prioritizes individual rights, while the crime control approach prioritizes public safety
What is a characteristic that is common to many law enforcement agencies?
A territorial nature
What was the outcome of the Supreme Court cases in the 1960s, such as Escobedo v. Illinois and Miranda v. Arizona?
The Supreme Court specified the powers of the police and emphasized the need to recognize and protect the rights of suspects
What is the main goal of the crime control approach?
To prioritize public safety over individual rights
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, what percentage of municipal police departments with 100 or more full-time sworn personnel had 1,000 or more full-time sworn personnel in 2000?
11 percent
What is true about the number of law enforcement officers in the United States?
Municipal police departments represent the greatest number of law enforcement officers
What is the underlying idea behind the phrase 'Better that ten guilty men go free than one innocent man be punished'?
The importance of protecting individual rights and liberties
What is the relationship between the due process approach and the civil rights movement?
The due process approach was influenced by the civil rights movement
What is a responsibility that large local law enforcement agencies often have?
Investigating serious violent and property crimes in their jurisdictions
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, how many municipal police jurisdictions existed in the United States in 2003?
12,656
What is a characteristic of most municipal police departments?
They have a small number of officers who have jurisdiction over largely rural or suburban landscapes
What was the original purpose of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)?
Tax-collecting agency
When was the ATF moved into the Department of Justice (DOJ)?
January 24, 2003
What is true about the number of full-time employees in large municipal departments compared to other types of law enforcement agencies?
They have a significantly larger number of full-time employees than county, sheriff's, and state law enforcement agencies
What type of experts are employed by the ATF?
Forensic experts and law enforcement experts
Which agency did the ATF work closely with in federal investigations?
FBI
What was the result of the standoff between the ATF and David Koresh's Branch Davidian cult in Waco, Texas?
The death of 71 individuals
When was the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created?
July 26, 2002
What was the main aim of creating the DHS?
To better coordinate the intelligence and law enforcement resources of the U.S. government
What problem was the creation of the DHS intended to eliminate?
Linkage blindness
What is the primary goal of advocates of the crime control model?
To process suspects as quickly and efficiently as possible
What is the assumption underlying the adversarial system?
Innocent until proven guilty
Which approach to criminal justice prioritizes protecting the rights of the innocent?
Due process model
What is the potential consequence of prioritizing crime control over due process?
Undermining of the rule of law and legitimacy of law enforcement
Which group is most likely to support a crime control approach to criminal justice?
Law enforcement agencies
What is the primary aim of the criminal justice system, according to adherents of the due process model?
To reduce and prevent crime
What is the preferred method of disposal for advocates of the crime control model?
Informal methods of disposal
What is the concern of advocates of the due process model regarding wrongful convictions?
That they are kept to a minimum
What is the primary responsibility of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA)?
Ensuring the security of all modes of U.S. transportation
Which agency is responsible for inspecting and collecting tariffs for over 1.7 trillion dollars worth of imported goods?
Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
What is the average daily flight time of an Air Marshal?
5 hours
Which agency shares responsibility for the security of U.S. ports with the CBP and local port authorities?
U.S. Coast Guard
In which year was the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) transferred to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)?
2001
How many hours do Air Marshals fly per year?
900 hours
What is the primary law enforcement entity within the Transportation Security Administration (TSA)?
Federal Air Marshal (FAM) Service
In which year was the U.S. Secret Service transferred to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)?
2003
Study Notes
Crime Control vs. Due Process
- The crime control model prioritizes processing suspects quickly and efficiently, with an informal "presumption of guilt" after formal charging.
- Supporters of this approach emphasize distinguishing between the innocent and guilty at the pre-charge stage and prefer guilty pleas over lengthy trials.
- The police and law enforcement agencies are the most vocal supporters of this approach.
- The due process model prioritizes protecting the rights of the innocent and ensuring only the guilty are punished.
- Supporters of this approach emphasize safeguards to protect individual rights and prevent wrongful convictions.
- The due process model favors restrictions on police powers, is suspicious of informal processes, and views the criminal trial as the most reliable method of determining guilt.
Criminal Justice System
- The criminal justice system has historically struggled to balance crime control and due process approaches.
- The civil rights movement in the 1960s led to increased public awareness of individual rights and expanded basic due process protections.
- The Supreme Court has played a key role in shaping the criminal justice system, with landmark cases such as Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), Miranda v. Arizona (1966), and Terry v. Ohio (1968).
Law Enforcement Agencies
- Municipal police departments represent the largest number of law enforcement officers in the United States.
- There are over 12,000 municipal police jurisdictions in the US, varying in size from large city departments to small local departments.
- Large municipal departments often investigate serious violent and property crimes in their jurisdictions.
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
- The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) is primarily concerned with licensing, investigation, and control of these three commodities, as well as explosives.
- The ATF works closely with the FBI in federal investigations requiring both areas of expertise.
- The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created in 2002 to better coordinate intelligence and law enforcement resources in the war on terror.
- DHS assumed many law enforcement functions previously performed by the Department of the Treasury and other federal agencies.
Specific Agencies
- Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is responsible for inspecting and collecting tariffs for imported goods, as well as enforcing immigration laws and preventing terrorism.
- The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is responsible for the security of all modes of US transportation, including commercial airports and luggage screening.
- The US Secret Service is responsible for protecting the President, Vice President, and their families, as well as investigating financial crimes.
This quiz explores the crime control approach in the criminal justice system, focusing on efficient suspect processing and distinguishing between the innocent and guilty at the pre-charge stage.
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