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Questions and Answers
Based on the information provided, which of the following is NOT a unique challenge faced by Indigenous women?
Based on the information provided, which of the following is NOT a unique challenge faced by Indigenous women?
What percentage of homicide victims in 2009 were Indigenous?
What percentage of homicide victims in 2009 were Indigenous?
Which factor, according to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, is a major contributing factor to the higher rates of conflict with the law among Indigenous persons?
Which factor, according to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, is a major contributing factor to the higher rates of conflict with the law among Indigenous persons?
Which of the following statements about Indigenous people is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about Indigenous people is FALSE?
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What is the term used to describe the removal of Indigenous children from their families during the 1960s, as discussed in the text?
What is the term used to describe the removal of Indigenous children from their families during the 1960s, as discussed in the text?
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What is the approximate ratio of self-reported rates of violence against women to those against men, according to the text?
What is the approximate ratio of self-reported rates of violence against women to those against men, according to the text?
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Which group of Indigenous people is at the highest risk of household crowding?
Which group of Indigenous people is at the highest risk of household crowding?
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What is the difference in violent victimization rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people per 1,000 individuals?
What is the difference in violent victimization rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people per 1,000 individuals?
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Based on the information provided, which of the following statements about the experiences of Indigenous people in Canada is TRUE?
Based on the information provided, which of the following statements about the experiences of Indigenous people in Canada is TRUE?
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What period of time did the residential school system operate in Canada?
What period of time did the residential school system operate in Canada?
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What are the primary focuses of the three main components of the criminal justice system?
What are the primary focuses of the three main components of the criminal justice system?
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What is the term used to describe the negative impact on victims caused by the decisions and actions of criminal justice personnel?
What is the term used to describe the negative impact on victims caused by the decisions and actions of criminal justice personnel?
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Which demographic has seen an increase in representation among correctional professionals since 1991?
Which demographic has seen an increase in representation among correctional professionals since 1991?
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What is the significance of the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights, 2015?
What is the significance of the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights, 2015?
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Which of the following groups has historically been underrepresented within criminal justice agencies?
Which of the following groups has historically been underrepresented within criminal justice agencies?
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What constitutes prejudice in the context of racism?
What constitutes prejudice in the context of racism?
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What is one consequence of income inequality in Canada?
What is one consequence of income inequality in Canada?
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Which statement accurately reflects discrimination?
Which statement accurately reflects discrimination?
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What does racialization refer to?
What does racialization refer to?
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Which group faces unique challenges in the criminal justice system as discussed?
Which group faces unique challenges in the criminal justice system as discussed?
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What economic impact does gender inequality have in Canada?
What economic impact does gender inequality have in Canada?
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What characterizes racial profiling in Canada?
What characterizes racial profiling in Canada?
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What is a primary concern related to the criminal justice system in Canada?
What is a primary concern related to the criminal justice system in Canada?
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What is the homicide rate comparison between Indigenous women and non-Indigenous women?
What is the homicide rate comparison between Indigenous women and non-Indigenous women?
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Which group is particularly at risk of sexual assault among Indigenous women?
Which group is particularly at risk of sexual assault among Indigenous women?
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What type of violence have Blacks in Canada experienced historically?
What type of violence have Blacks in Canada experienced historically?
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Which youth group may encounter prejudice and discrimination related to their sexual orientation?
Which youth group may encounter prejudice and discrimination related to their sexual orientation?
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What factor contributes to the higher victimization risk for Indigenous women?
What factor contributes to the higher victimization risk for Indigenous women?
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In which area are Black children and youth disproportionately represented?
In which area are Black children and youth disproportionately represented?
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What has been the trend in criminal justice expenditures over the past decade?
What has been the trend in criminal justice expenditures over the past decade?
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What type of discrimination do Muslims in Quebec particularly face?
What type of discrimination do Muslims in Quebec particularly face?
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What has contributed to the high risk of sexual exploitation and violence among Black youth?
What has contributed to the high risk of sexual exploitation and violence among Black youth?
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What social issue affects Indigenous women, evidenced by their higher rates of violence?
What social issue affects Indigenous women, evidenced by their higher rates of violence?
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What is the definition of racism as presented?
What is the definition of racism as presented?
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Which of the following describes racial profiling?
Which of the following describes racial profiling?
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What has been a significant effort by the Ontario provincial government to combat racism?
What has been a significant effort by the Ontario provincial government to combat racism?
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Why have issues of racism and discrimination persisted in Canadian society?
Why have issues of racism and discrimination persisted in Canadian society?
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In terms of education, how do women in Canada currently stand?
In terms of education, how do women in Canada currently stand?
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What might be argued about the effectiveness of anti-racism strategies based on previous attempts?
What might be argued about the effectiveness of anti-racism strategies based on previous attempts?
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Who are considered racialized persons according to the discussed boundaries?
Who are considered racialized persons according to the discussed boundaries?
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What is a potential factor for individuals' optimism or pessimism about addressing racism?
What is a potential factor for individuals' optimism or pessimism about addressing racism?
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What is one result of recognizing racism within the criminal justice system?
What is one result of recognizing racism within the criminal justice system?
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Flashcards
Racism
Racism
Beliefs or actions that discriminate against individuals based on their race.
Discrimination
Discrimination
The negative treatment of individuals or groups based on characteristics like race or age.
Inequality
Inequality
The unequal distribution of resources or opportunities among people in society.
Racialized persons
Racialized persons
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Racialization
Racialization
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Racial profiling
Racial profiling
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Income inequality
Income inequality
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Prejudice
Prejudice
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Surveillance Technology
Surveillance Technology
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Re-victimization
Re-victimization
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Canadian Victims Bill of Rights
Canadian Victims Bill of Rights
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Diversity in Criminal Justice
Diversity in Criminal Justice
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Historical Gender Representation
Historical Gender Representation
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Indigenous women victimization
Indigenous women victimization
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Spousal violence
Spousal violence
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Sexual assault risk
Sexual assault risk
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Prejudice in minority groups
Prejudice in minority groups
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LGBTQ youth discrimination
LGBTQ youth discrimination
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Islamophobia
Islamophobia
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Structural violence
Structural violence
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Child welfare and poverty
Child welfare and poverty
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Criminal justice expenditures
Criminal justice expenditures
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Racial stereotyping effects
Racial stereotyping effects
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Systemic Racism
Systemic Racism
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Criminal Justice and Racism
Criminal Justice and Racism
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Anti-Racism Strategies
Anti-Racism Strategies
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Racialization Process
Racialization Process
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Public Awareness of Racism
Public Awareness of Racism
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Racial Profiling Actions
Racial Profiling Actions
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Unique Experiences of Women
Unique Experiences of Women
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Optimism about Racism Solutions
Optimism about Racism Solutions
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Pessimism in Addressing Racism
Pessimism in Addressing Racism
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Self-report violent victimization
Self-report violent victimization
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Indigenous Persons
Indigenous Persons
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Disproportionate representation
Disproportionate representation
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Violent victimization rate
Violent victimization rate
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Homicide victims - Indigenous
Homicide victims - Indigenous
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Legacy of Colonization
Legacy of Colonization
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Residential school system
Residential school system
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Intergenerational impact
Intergenerational impact
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Challenges faced by Indigenous women
Challenges faced by Indigenous women
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Poverty line income
Poverty line income
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Study Notes
Chapter 3: Considerations in the Study of Criminal Justice
- The chapter focuses on considerations within the study of criminal justice, particularly issues of inequality and diversity.
- Learning objectives include discussing and defining racism, discrimination, and inequality in Canada.
- Learning objectives also include defining racialized persons, racialization, racial profiling, as well as the experiences of Indigenous and racialized individuals within the Canadian society.
- Learning objectives further consist of addressing the escalating costs of the criminal justice system, and changing boundaries of criminal justice agencies, health and wellness of offenders and the lack of diversity among criminal justice professionals.
Multiculturalism and Diversity
- Racism, discrimination, and inequality exist in Canadian society and within the criminal justice system.
- These factors impact the experiences of communities, offenders, victims, and criminal justice personnel.
- Historical and contemporary experiences of diverse groups influence views of and experiences within the criminal justice system.
Inequality in Canada
- Income inequality is a key feature of Canadian society.
- The top 1% of the population earns a disproportionate amount (39.1%) of the income.
- One million children live in low-income households.
- Gender inequality in the workplace costs Canada $150 billion annually.
- Women working full-time earn less than men.
Racism, Prejudice, and Discrimination
- Prejudice is an unsubstantiated negative judgment of individuals or groups based on factors like ethnicity, religion, or race.
- Discrimination is an action or decision that negatively treats a person or group due to their race, age, or disability.
- Racism involves prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism against a different race based on the belief of racial superiority.
At Issue 3.1: Is it Possible to End Racism in the Criminal Justice System?
- The issue of racism in the criminal justice system was first highlighted in 1995 in a report on Systemic Racism.
- Over two decades later, the issues of racism, prejudice, and discrimination within the justice system remain prevalent.
- A recent effort in Ontario centers on public education and awareness as well as anti-racism strategies.
- The ability to address these issues thus far has been limited.
Questions
- The chapter also includes questions for consideration regarding the persistence of racism, prejudice, and discrimination in Canadian society and the criminal justice system.
- The questions also probe effective methods for addressing these issues.
- Additional questions analyze optimism or pessimism in successfully addressing these disparities and offer reasons for those perspectives.
Racialized Persons, Racialization, and Racial Profiling
- Racialization is constructing races as real, different, and unequal in social, political and economic contexts.
- Racialized people are those who are non-Indigenous and non-Caucasian or non-white.
- Racial profiling is any action based on stereotypes, not reasonable suspicion, used for safety or public protection rather than on reasonable suspicion.
Racial Profiling
- Data reveals varying incidences of perceived racial profiling across various racial groups in Canada.
- Different effects of racial profiling are evident depending on the demographic.
Experiences of Women
- Women have unique criminal justice experiences in Canada.
- Women are more likely to receive high school diplomas and constitute the majority of university enrollees.
- Rates of self-reported violence are higher among women than men.
Experiences of Indigenous Persons
- Indigenous people, including status and non-status Indians, Métis, and Inuit, often face marginalization in Canadian society.
- Indigenous people are disproportionately represented as both victims and offenders at all stages of the criminal justice system.
- Indigenous persons face high rates of violent victimization and homicide compared to non-Indigenous persons.
The Legacy of Colonization
- Many Indigenous people experience poverty, unemployment, lack of formal education, and high rates of accidents and violence, factors stemming from the legacy of colonization.
- Indigenous people are often positioned on the margins of Canadian society, suffering disparities in nearly all measures of well-being.
- The residential school system, lasting from the 1880s to the 1990s, affected Indigenous populations significantly.
- The
60s Scoop, involving the removal of Indigenous children from their families, also resulted in intergenerational impacts.
Experiences of Indigenous Women
- Indigenous women encounter unique challenges that place them at risk, including stereotypes, lower life expectancies, higher rates of household crowding, higher rates of unemployment, and higher rates of living in poverty.
- Indigenous women are at a higher risk of various forms of victimization.
- Indigenous females experience elevated rates of homicide and spousal violence and are also at risk of sexual assault.
Discrimination and Victimization
- People of specific ethnic, racial, cultural, religious, and sexual orientations face prejudice, discrimination, and risk of victimization.
- These include LGBTQ+ youth and Muslims facing Islamophobia.
- Muslims in Quebec experience particularly difficult circumstances.
Experiences of Blacks
- Historically and contemporarily, Black Canadians experience racism, prejudice, and discrimination.
- Structural violence, perpetrated by state-funded institutions like the police, affects Black people.
- Black people face segregation in education, employment, and discrimination.
- Black children and youth are disproportionately represented in child welfare, child protection, youth justice systems, and experience poverty and risk of violence.
Escalating Costs of the CJS
- Criminal justice expenditures have increased over the last decade, even with a decline in crime rates.
- Figures illustrate this growth in cost, relative to GDP, and specific expenditure proportions over time.
- Different types of criminal offenses also correlate with varying costs.
Changing Boundaries of Criminal Justice Agencies
- Traditionally, there are distinct roles within the criminal justice system
- The police, courts, and corrections have separate responsibilities.
- However, lines between these elements have blurred.
Rise of the Surveillance Society
- Surveillance technology has become pervasive in modern life.
Needs of Crime Victims
- Crime significantly affects victims physically, psychologically, emotionally, financially, and socially.
- Re-victimization occurs when the criminal justice system further harms victims through its actions.
- The Canadian Victims Bill of Rights sets out statutory rights to information, participation, protection, and restitution for victims of crime.
Lack of Diversity among Criminal Justice Professionals
- Historically, criminal justice systems have been predominantly staffed with Caucasian males.
- Diversity efforts for women in the criminal justice system have increased since 1991.
- Progress in diversity representation in criminal justice roles (judges, lawyers, probation officers, etc.) is documented.
Summary
- Inequality, racism, prejudice, and discrimination affect varied groups (including women, Indigenous people, Black people, Muslims, and sexual minorities).
- Racism and discrimination are increasingly manifested in racial profiling.
- These factors substantially influence lived experiences and place individuals at risk of being victimized or conflicting with the law.
- Cost, changing roles, surveillance and diversity are also additional factors affecting criminal justice systems.
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Description
This quiz explores key issues within the study of criminal justice, such as racism, discrimination, and inequality in Canada. It also delves into the experiences of racialized and Indigenous individuals, and examines the implications these factors have on the criminal justice system and its professionals.
