Questions and Answers
Who is known as the founder of classical criminology?
What is the basic premise of the classical theory of criminology?
Criminal behavior is a matter of free will and choice.
Who is credited with the formation of the neoclassical school of criminology?
Bentham believed Beccaria was too strict.
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What is crime according to the classical perspective?
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Define criminology.
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What major theory explains the connection between religion and government in early criminological thought?
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What was the age of classical criminology characterized by?
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Beccaria believed punishment should be ____, ____, and ____.
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Harsh punishment is an effective deterrent according to Beccaria.
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Who is considered the father of criminology?
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What is psychological positivism?
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According to Freudian theory, crime is a symptom of a person's unresolved psychological ____.
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Match the following modes of personality adaptation with their descriptions:
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What is the general strain theory proposed by Robert Agnew?
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Crime is learned according to criminological theories.
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What does social bond theory state?
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What does feminist criminology study?
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Define index crimes.
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What is an example of a random crime?
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Study Notes
Beccaria and Classical Criminology
- Beccaria is regarded as the founder of classical criminology, marking a significant shift in criminological thought.
- His views laid the groundwork for the 6th and 8th Amendments concerning fair trial and punishment.
Classical Theory of Criminology
- Criminal behavior arises from free will and choice.
- The theory posits that certain, swift, and appropriate punishment can deter criminal activities.
Jeremy Bentham and Neoclassical Criminology
- Bentham's contributions led to the development of the neoclassical school, focusing on free will in criminal behavior.
- He believed that pain and punishment could effectively deter crime.
Distinction Between Beccaria and Bentham
- Bentham perceived Beccaria's ideas as overly strict in their approach to punishment.
Understanding Crime
- Defined as a choice based on an individual's assessment of potential pleasure versus pain.
The Discipline of Criminology
- Interdisciplinary field that studies crime and its ramifications on society and the criminal justice system.
Historical Theories on Crime
- Early concepts linked religion closely to government, where evil was believed to be expelled through divine intervention.
Ideals of Classical Criminology
- Emerged during the Age of Enlightenment, emphasizing reason and individual rights.
Beccaria's Punishment Philosophy
- Advocated for minimal punishment that is proportional to the crime committed, challenging harsh deterrents.
Age of Enlightenment Context
- Informed by Bentham's belief in free will directed toward pleasure, leading to his innovative prison design.
Cesare Lombroso's Contribution
- Comprised the foundation of criminology, emphasizing biology, with the belief that criminals could be physically identified.
Psychological Positivism
- Suggests behavior is influenced by subconscious desires, indicating that criminal actions result from unresolved psychological conflicts.
Freudian Theory Implications
- Views crime as a manifestation of unresolved psychological issues, such as unfulfilled desires or personality conflicts.
Signals of Troubled Behavior
- Identifying early signs of potential criminal behavior can include indicators like animal abuse.
Social Disorganization Theory
- Introduces the concentric zone theory, asserting that crime is concentrated in urban centers before radiating outward.
Strain Theory Explanation
- Positions crime as stemming from frustration within lower-class individuals due to socio-economic obstacles, leading to illegal activities.
Merton's Modes of Personality Adaptation
- Differentiates five styles: conformist, innovator, ritualist, retreatist, and rebel, based on how individuals adapt to societal pressures.
Detailed Modes of Adaptation
- Conformist: Adheres to laws despite not achieving success.
- Innovator: Circumvents systems through fraud or illegal methods.
- Ritualist: Engages in habitual actions without seeking change or success.
- Retreatist: Withdraws from society, often through substance abuse.
- Rebel: Seeks to redefine societal norms, often through radical means.
Contributions of Robert Agnew
- Developed the general strain theory, highlighting the roles of positive and negative stimuli in inducing crime.
Crime as a Learned Behavior
- Criminal behavior is learned through interactions and socialization rather than inherent predisposition.
Social Bond Theory Insights
- Crime occurs when societal bonds are weakened or severed, emphasizing the importance of community ties.
Feminist Criminology Focus
- Examines crime and criminality through the lens of gender-based power dynamics and inequalities.
Index Crimes Definition
- Major felonies classified as index crimes, which carry potential punishments exceeding one year in prison.
Nature of Random Crime
- Notably characterized by unpredictable and often opportunistic acts of criminal behavior.
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Description
Explore key concepts from Chapter 2 of Criminal Justice with these flashcards. Learn about influential figures like Beccaria and foundational theories in classical criminology. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of criminological principles.
