Criminal Justice Basics Quiz

A reasonable basis to believe a crime has been or will be committed.

Evidence found illegally can't be used in court.

Protects against self-incrimination and double jeopardy.

Guarantees a speedy trial and right to counsel.

Searches without a warrant are permitted in specific situations.

Searching a person and area near them after a lawful arrest.

Brief questioning of a person for reasonable suspicion.

Search of a vehicle based on probable cause or exigent circumstances.

Visible evidence that can be lawfully seized without a warrant.

Search permitted with voluntary consent from the owner.

Legal notification of rights to a suspect in custody

Written statement with reasons for a warrant request

Legal standard for a brief investigation.

緊急状況（緊急事態）

Allows warrantless search of vehicles under specific conditions.

Arranging potential suspects for identification by a witness.

Federal law setting time limits for trials after arrest.

Formal charging and plea entry

Dismissal of a potential juror without explanation.

Jury selection process.

Jury determining if enough evidence exists for an indictment

Exchange of information in a trial between prosecution and defense

Factors that lessen the severity of a crime.

Factors that increase the severity of the crime.

Defendant admits the act, but offers reasons for actions.

Process of formal record-keeping after arrest

A decision by the Supreme Court sets a precedent for future cases and is the final interpretation of federal constitutional law.

Three possible pleas: Guilty, Not Guilty, and No Contest.

Trial where only the judge decides the case.

Usually based on geography and subject matter.

Three types: Charge Bargaining, Count Bargaining, and Sentencing Bargaining.

The legal standard for a brief investigative stop of a person is reasonable suspicion. This means an officer needs a specific and articulable reason to believe that criminal activity is afoot, but it doesn't require probable cause.

An exigent circumstance is an emergency situation that necessitates immediate action by law enforcement officers, often allowing them to bypass a warrant requirement.

A lineup is a procedure used in criminal investigations where potential suspects are presented to a witness for identification.

The Bill of Rights serves to protect individual liberties from excessive government power and to ensure a balance between the authority of the government and the rights of citizens.

Police must end electronic surveillance if they obtain the information they were searching for, even before the warrant's allotted time has expired.

The Carroll Doctrine allows warrantless searches of vehicles: 1. The officer must have probable cause that a warrant would have been granted if they had time to obtain one. 2. Exigent circumstances must have prevented them from obtaining a warrant.

In Luis v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that a defendant's assets cannot be frozen to the point of preventing them from affording legal representation.

A suspect's Miranda rights can be eroded in situations like: 1. During a second interrogation session, and 2. If the suspect doesn't clearly invoke their rights to remain silent.

A grand jury hears evidence to determine if there is enough probable cause to make a case and issues an indictment if so.

Discovery is the exchange of information between the defense and prosecution before trial to avoid surprises and ensure fairness.

Federal judges (except bankruptcy judges) are appointed by the President, confirmed by the Senate, and serve for life.

The U.S. court system operates as a dual system, with both federal and state courts.

'Voir Dire' is the jury selection process, where potential jurors are questioned to ensure a fair and impartial jury.

The M'Naghten test determines if a defendant was mentally ill at the time of the crime and unaware of their actions.

The prosecutor is considered the 'gatekeeper' of the criminal justice system, deciding which cases to pursue.

Justifications are defenses that show the act was lawful, while excuses show the defendant wasn't responsible due to circumstances.

The goal of punishment aimed at reforming a convict to prevent them from returning to crime.

A model of corrections that emerged during the Industrial Revolution and emphasizes isolation and hard labor as punishment for crimes.

Legislation designed to establish uniform sentencing guidelines to ensure consistency across different cases, regardless of the judge.

The aim of punishment to discourage the general public from committing similar crimes.

The goal of punishment to prevent a specific offender from committing future crimes.

A legal defense for mental illness where the defendant, due to a diagnosable mental illness, lacked control over their actions and would have acted despite the presence of law enforcement.

The main reasons for punishing criminals are retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation.

This Supreme Court case ruled that it is unconstitutional to impose the death penalty on individuals who were under 18 years old at the time of their crime.

The severity of the crime is the most critical factor influencing the length and type of punishment.

The belief that punishment should be proportionate to the crime, serving as a form of revenge.

A sentence that has a fixed length of time, with no possibility of early release.

A formal statement provided by the victim or their family in court that describes the impact of the crime on their lives. It can be presented orally, in writing, or through video or audio recordings.

This Supreme Court case struck down the existing death penalty laws due to their arbitrary and discriminatory application.

A sentence alternative to prison, where offenders are supervised in the community.

A range of potential prison sentences, with release determined by the offender's behavior and rehabilitation progress.

The current correctional model in the US, emphasizing punishment and deterrence.

The legal execution of a convicted criminal.

A model focusing on rehabilitation, using indeterminate sentences and reform programs.