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What factor contributed to the renewed interest in justifying sterilization after the Oklahoma case in 1942?
Which theory suggests that criminal behavior can be learned from a young age?
Which of the following is a reason for increased criminal activity among women according to recent research?
According to neo-classical views, what does a prospective offender consider in their decision to commit a crime?
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What is a common misconception about the lower classes in relation to crime?
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What is a primary function of the defendant in most legal cases?
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What are 'carrots' and 'sticks' in the context of behavior modification?
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Which type of court in Georgia deals specifically with juvenile offenders?
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Which court in Georgia is responsible for hearing appeals from cases in state courts?
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What is meant by 'judge-shopping'?
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What aspect can influence judicial decisions according to the environmental perspective?
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What is the primary role of the appellate courts in Georgia?
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How many justices serve on the Supreme Court of Georgia?
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Which amendment is associated with the exclusionary rule that applies to state searches and seizures?
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What is the significance of the case Powell v. Alabama (1932)?
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In which case was the right to assistance of counsel incorporated to the states?
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Which amendment protects individuals from double jeopardy?
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The principle of 'fundamental fairness' was emphasized in which Supreme Court case?
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What does the term 'selective incorporation' refer to?
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In what context is the term 'shock to conscience' relevant?
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Which of the following cases established the right to a speedy trial?
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What does the lifestyle-exposure model suggest about victims of crime?
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Which demographic factors are associated with a higher risk of becoming a victim of crime?
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Where do most violent crimes typically occur?
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What are some common psychological impacts of crime on victims?
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What role does consent play in victimology?
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What purpose do victim impact statements serve in the criminal justice system?
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Which of the following is NOT a current victim's rights issue?
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What is a characteristic of the Georgia Crime Victims Bill of Rights?
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Which of the following describes the concept of provocation in victimology?
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Which group is most heavily affected by the economic costs associated with crime?
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What proportion of officers are responsible for nearly 50% of complaints?
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Under what condition does the Supreme Court permit the use of force by police officers?
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What role do civilian review boards play in police accountability?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of non-lethal weapon mentioned?
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What is a major consequence of police corruption?
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Which tool is commonly referenced as not being admissible in court without mutual agreement?
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What is a significant challenge in addressing cyber crime?
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What kind of database is CODIS?
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Which of the following describes a minor form of police corruption?
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What purpose do internal affairs serve within police departments?
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Study Notes
Crime Victimization
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Lifestyle-exposure model: Suggests individuals' choices and behavior contribute to their victimization.
- Living in high-crime areas
- Associating with criminals
- Engaging in risky behaviors
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Factors associated with victimization: Gender, age, race, socioeconomic status, education, occupation, and marital status
- Higher risk groups include: Males, younger individuals, minorities, low-income city dwellers, and those with lower education levels, unemployment, or lower-level occupations.
- Violent crime often occurs among acquaintances.
- Most violent crime is intraracial. Interracial crime is less common.
Impact of Crime on Victims and Society
- Higher taxes: Due to increased incarceration rates.
- Higher prices: Due to shoplifting and other property crimes.
- Increased fear: Both for victims and within the community.
- Economic/Financial Costs: Taxes, price increases.
- Psychological/Emotional Costs: PTSD, fear, and anxiety.
- Fear of crime often outweighs the actual risk of crime.
Victimology and Victims' Rights
- Victimology: The study of victims of crime emerged in the 1950s and gained renewed attention in the 1970s-1980s.
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Victim Rights: Focuses on providing support and protection to crime victims.
- Support Services: Counseling, financial assistance, legal aid.
- Victim Impact Statements: Allow victims to share the impact of the crime and provide input on sentencing. Used during parole hearings to assist parole officers in determining parole eligibility.
- Crime Victims' Bill of Rights (most states): Basic rights for crime victims, such as the right to be informed of court proceedings.
The Role of Victims in Crime
- Consent: Voluntary participation in a crime such as drug use or prostitution.
- Provocation: The victim's actions or words leading to their victimization.
- Enticement: Being persuaded to commit a crime through bribes or other inducements.
- Risk Taking: Engaging in behaviors that increase exposure to crime such as walking in dangerous areas.
- Carelessness: Neglecting precautions, such as leaving doors unlocked or unattended belongings.
- "Common sense" is essential for reducing victimization, especially with caretaking behaviors and risk taking.
Current Victims' Rights Issues
- Anti-Stalking Statutes: Laws designed to protect victims of stalking.
- Crime Victims' Right to Be Present: Victims' right to be informed of hearings, court appearances, and have the opportunity to attend.
- Enforcement of Protective Orders: Enforcing restraining orders and temporary protective orders (TPOs).
- Ordering and Enforcing Restitution: Requiring the offender to compensate victims for their losses.
- Victim Input into Plea Agreements: Giving victims a voice in plea agreements.
- Funding for Victims' Services: Providing resources for counseling, therapy, and other support services.
Victims' Rights in Georgia
- Georgia Crime Victims Bill of Rights (1995): Reflects the national trend towards protecting victims' rights.
- Renewed Interest in Human Genome Mapping: Research exploring potential genetic factors related to criminal behavior.
Theories of Crime
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Psychological Theories: Focus on individual traits and personality development.
- Psychopathy, Sociopathy, Antisocial Behavior: These personality disorders can contribute to criminal behavior.
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Sociological Theories: Examine the influence of social groups and structures on crime.
- Social Structure Theories (e.g., Class): Suggest that lower socioeconomic classes are more likely to engage in substance abuse and other behaviors that are criminalized.
- Social Process Theories (e.g., Learning, Labeling): Emphasis on how individuals learn and adopt criminal behavior through social interactions or labeling.
- Social Conflict Theories (e.g., Class Control): Focus on power imbalances and the criminalization of behaviors primarily engaged in by marginalized groups.
- Life Course Theories: Recognize the impact of turning points and pathways in shaping criminal behavior over a lifespan.
Neo-Classical View of Crime
- Cost-Benefit Analysis: Offenders weigh the potential costs (e.g., imprisonment) against the potential benefits of committing a crime.
- Sources and Accuracy of Information: The lack of accurate information about the law and consequences for criminal behavior can influence individual choices.
Women and Crime
- A relatively recent subject of research.
- Questions include why women's criminal activity is increasing, potential links to the women's movement, and changes in the job market.
Policing
- Police Complaints: Approximately 5% of police officers are responsible for nearly 50% of complaints. This indicates a small number of officers contribute disproportionately to misconduct.
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Police Brutality: Excessive force and mistreatment by police.
- Responses to police brutality include:
- Regulations and Training: Emphasis on de-escalation and understanding when force is necessary.
- Lawsuits: Citizens filing lawsuits against government agencies or police departments.
- Supreme Court Decisions: Rulings regarding the use of force, allowing it when faced with imminent physical harm or threats (1980s).
- Responses to police brutality include:
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Proliferation of Non-Lethal Arms: Increased use of non-lethal weaponery to reduce deadly force.
- Stun guns (tasers), rubber-bullet firearms, flashbang grenades, and tear gas.
Police Corruption
- Historical decline in corruption alongside increased professionalism.
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Forms of Corruption:
- Major: More serious acts, such as accepting bribes or planting evidence.
- Minor: Less significant forms, such as accepting small gifts or engaging in favoritism.
- Prevalence: More common in vice units, which often deal with illegal activities.
- Socialization: The process of learning and adopting corrupt practices within a police department.
- Consequences of Corruption: Lax enforcement, low morale, and damage to the police's reputation.
Civic Accountability for Policing
- Internal Affairs: Internal investigations within a police department. Often faces challenges such as distrust from officers.
- Civilian Review Boards: Independent bodies of citizens that review police misconduct. Although they cannot make policy changes, they can provide recommendations.
- Standards and Accreditation: Setting minimum standards for police officers and agencies to meet.
- Civil Liability Suits: Individuals or agencies can be sued for misconduct, holding them accountable.
Policing and Technology
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Cybercrime: The growing role of technology in crime poses unique challenges for law enforcement.
- Transnational Nature: Cybercrime can occur across borders, making it difficult to investigate.
- Widespread Impact: A significant number of individuals are affected by cybercrime.
- Difficulty in Detection: Cybercriminals can easily conceal their identities and activities.
- Specialized Expertise: Effective cybercrime investigation requires specialized knowledge and skills, which are in high demand in the private sector.
Tools for Policing
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Computers and Databases:
- CODIS: Federal DNA database.
- IAFIS: Federal fingerprint database.
- Databases containing information on inmates, sex offenders, and case files.
- Ballistics: Analyzing firearms and bullets to link crimes.
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Laboratories: Conducting scientific analysis on evidence, such as soil samples, blood, and other physical evidence.
- Backlog of Evidence: A shortage of personnel can lead to delays in processing evidence.
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Scanners, Polygraphs, Thermal Imaging: Technologies used in investigations.
- Polygraphs are inadmissible in court unless both parties consent and their reliability is debated.
- Thermal imaging: Can detect movement inside buildings.
- Weapons Technology (Tasers): Non-lethal weapons used to subdue suspects.
Public-Private Policing
- Two-tiered system: Public policing (government-funded) and private policing (funded by individuals or organizations).
Courts
- Behavior Modification: Using positive incentives (carrots) and punishments (sticks) to influence behavior.
- Allocation of Funds and Property: The court plays a crucial role in overseeing the transfer of funds and property, including restitution to victims.
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Policymaking: Courts play a significant role in shaping policy through legal rulings.
- Judicial Decisions can influence existing laws and create new ones.
Georgia Courts
- Nonpartisan Elections: Many judges run unopposed in elections.
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Trial Courts: Georgia has 159 counties, each with its own trial court system.
- Municipal Courts: Serve specific cities.
- Magistrate Courts: Handle warrants and arraignments.
- Probate Courts: Deal with wills, estates, and marriage licenses.
- Juvenile Courts: Handle cases involving juvenile offenders.
- State Courts: Address low-level crimes (misdemeanors).
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Superior Courts: Handle high-level crimes (felonies).
- Possess both trial and appellate jurisdiction.
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Appellate Courts:
- Court of Appeals of Georgia: A rotating panel of 15 judges, hearing cases in groups of 3.
- Supreme Court of Georgia: Composed of 9 justices.
Explanations for Legal Outcomes
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Legal Perspective: Judges decide cases based on laws and legal precedent.
- Difficulties in applying this perspective arise from the subjective nature of "unreasonable" searches and seizures.
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Personal Perspective: Judges' personal values, personalities, and self-interests can influence their decisions.
- Judge-Shopping: Litigants attempting to choose judges who they believe will be favorable to their case.
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Environmental Perspective: The broader social and political context can influence judges' decisions.
- Influence of Societal Trends: Judges are often influenced by the changing social and political landscape.
- Interest Groups: Lobby groups can exert pressure on the courts.
Bill of Rights and Incorporation
- Selective Incorporation: The Supreme Court gradually applies the Bill of Rights to the states through individual court cases.
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Bill of Rights Provisions Incorporated into State Law:
- Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Exclusionary rule applies to state searches and seizures.
- Wolf v. Colorado (1949): Unreasonable searches and seizures prohibited.
- Malloy v. Hogan (1964): Protections against self-incrimination.
- Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Right to legal counsel.
- Pointer v. Texas (1965): Right to confront witnesses.
- Washington v. Texas (1967): Right to compel witnesses to testify.
- Klopfer v. North Carolina (1967): Right to a speedy trial.
- Robinson v. California (1963): Protection against cruel and unusual punishment.
Constitutional Protections
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Fourth Amendment: Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.
- Exclusionary Rule: Evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court.
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Fifth Amendment:
- Self-Incrimination: Protects individuals from being forced to testify against themselves.
- Grand Jury Indictment: Guaranteed at the federal level but not guaranteed at the state level.
- Double Jeopardy: Protects individuals from being tried twice for the same crime.
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Sixth Amendment:
- Right to Counsel: The right to legal representation in criminal proceedings.
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Description
This quiz explores the lifestyle-exposure model and the various factors associated with crime victimization. It also examines the impact of crime on victims and society, including economic and psychological effects. Test your knowledge on these crucial aspects of crime and its repercussions.
