Cranial Nerves Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of fibers are contained within the Nn. olfactorii?

  • Mixed fibers
  • Sensory fibers (correct)
  • Motor fibers
  • Interneurons

Where do the axons of the olfactory sensory cells run to reach the bulbus olfactorius?

  • The olfactory mucosa
  • The optic chiasm
  • The lamina cribrosa (correct)
  • The hippocampus

Which structure is the second neuron of the olfactory pathway located in?

  • Bulbus olfactorius (correct)
  • Nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis
  • Tractus olfactorius
  • Trigonum olfactorium

What type of nerve is the N. opticus classified as?

<p>Sensory nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From where do the crossed fibers of the optic nerve originate?

<p>The medial parts of the retina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains the first neurons of the optic pathway?

<p>Retina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final structure in the optic pathway mentioned in the description?

<p>Nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain is associated with the amygdaloid body in the olfactory pathway?

<p>Temporal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures does the n.supratrochlearis supply?

<p>Skin of the forehead, root of the external nose, and medial corner of the eye (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve terminates as the n.infratrochlearis?

<p>n.nasociliaris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the n.ethmoidalis anterior supply after passing through foramina cribrosa?

<p>Mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and skin of the dorsum nasi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nn.ciliares longi?

<p>Supply the sclera and chorioidea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves supplies the skin of the cheek and lateral surface of the nose?

<p>n.infraorbitalis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ramus meningeus supply?

<p>Coverings of the fossa cranii media (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve passes through the foramen rotundum and branches in the fossa pterygopalatina?

<p>n.maxillaris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers does N.maxillaris contain?

<p>Sensory fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve provides motor supply to the muscle stylopharyngeus?

<p>Cranial nerve IX (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the parasympathetic fibers of n.petrosus minor terminate?

<p>Ganglion oticum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is innervated by rr.tonsillares?

<p>Palatine tonsil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleus of the vagus nerve is primarily responsible for motor functions?

<p>Nucleus ambiguus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway of the right vagus nerve as it descends in the neck?

<p>Crosses the subclavian artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following branches contributes to the formation of plexus pharyngeus?

<p>rr.pharyngei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the r.sinus carotici?

<p>Participate in blood pressure regulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fibers are arranged into two trunks in the plexus oesophageus?

<p>Vagal fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the anterior superior alveolar nerves primarily supply?

<p>Dentes incisivi and dens caninus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a branch of the zygomaticus nerve?

<p>Ramus ophthalmicus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the mandibular nerve leave the cranial cavity?

<p>Foramen ovale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does the ramus auriculotemporalis NOT supply?

<p>Meninges of fossa cranii media (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of nerve is n.mandibularis?

<p>Mixed nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sensory branches of n.mandibularis include which of the following?

<p>N.lingualis (B), Ramus meningeus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of plexus dentalis superior?

<p>Supplies the mucous of sinus maxillaris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The n.zygomaticus communicates with which nerve?

<p>N.lacrimalis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following branches of the vagus nerve contains only sensory fibers?

<p>Ramus auricularis (B), Ramus meningeus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of rr.pharyngei branches of the vagus nerve?

<p>Form plexus pharyngeus with other cranial nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the vagus nerve is responsible for supplying the muscle cricothyreoideus?

<p>Ramus externus of n.laryngeus superior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is supplied by the branch ramus internus of n.laryngeus superior?

<p>Mucous membrane from aditus laryngis to plicae vocales (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the rr.cardiaci cervicales run to supply the heart?

<p>Along the a.carotis communis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the chorda tympani primarily carry?

<p>Sensory and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are NOT supplied by rr.pharyngei of the X nerve?

<p>Muscle cricothyreoideus (A), Stylopharyngeus muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fibers do NOT run along with the vagus nerve branches?

<p>Somatic sensory fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the sensory fibers of the chorda tympani provide innervation?

<p>Tongue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nervus cochlearis?

<p>Hearing pathway formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers do the rr.pharyngei contain?

<p>Sensory, motor, and parasympathetic vegetative fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the auditory pathway crosses to the opposite side?

<p>Nuclei corporis trapezoidei (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the reflectoric auditory pathway play?

<p>Controlling reflexive responses to unexpected auditory stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the axons of nuclei corporis trapezoidei primarily ascend to?

<p>Subcortical centers of hearing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'radiatio acustica' refer to in the auditory pathway?

<p>The primary auditory processing pathway to the cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers does the ganglion submandibulare primarily receive?

<p>Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Olfactory Nerve (I)

Sensory nerve responsible for smell. Develops from the forebrain.

Olfactory Pathway

The pathway for signal transmission from the nose to the brain's smell centers.

Optic Nerve (II)

Sensory nerve responsible for vision. A process of the diencephalon.

Optic Pathway

The pathway for signal transmission from the retina to the brain's visual centers.

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Chiasma Opticum

The point where optic nerve fibers cross over.

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Retina

Inner layer of the eye containing photoreceptors (rods and cones).

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Ganglionar Cells

Neurons in the retina whose axons form the optic nerve.

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Bulbus Oculi

Another name for the eyeball.

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Supratrochlear nerve function

Supplies conjunctiva, forehead skin, nose root, medial eye corner, and upper eyelid.

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Supraorbital nerve function

Supplies forehead skin and upper eyelid.

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Nasociliary nerve function

Supplies the lacrimal sac, eye conjunctiva, and medial eye corner.

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Posterior ethmoidal nerve function

Supplies nasal cavity, ethmoid cells, and sphenoid sinus mucous membranes.

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Anterior ethmoidal nerve function

Supplies nasal cavity, ethmoid cells, and frontal sinus mucous membranes, and the scalp.

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Infraorbital nerve function

Supplies skin of the face between eyes and mouth.

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Maxillary nerve function

Sensory nerve for the face and some cranial coverings.

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Ciliary nerves function

Supply the sclera and choroid of the eye.

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What is the function of the Plexus Dentalis Superior?

The Plexus Dentalis Superior is a network of nerves located on the upper jaw that supplies the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus and branches off to innervate the upper teeth and gums. It is formed by the union of the alveolar nerves of the maxillary nerve.

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What are the branches of the Maxillary Nerve?

The Maxillary Nerve (V2) has three main branches: the anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves. These nerves supply the upper teeth, the maxillary sinus, and the gums.

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What is the function of the Zygomatic Nerve?

The Zygomatic Nerve, a branch of the Maxillary Nerve, plays a role in sensation. It passes through the orbit and then branches off to supply the skin of the cheek and anterior temporal region.

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What does the Mandibular Nerve do?

The Mandibular Nerve (V3) is a mixed nerve, meaning it carries both sensory and motor fibers. This nerve leaves the skull through an opening called the foramen ovale and branches into the cheek, chin, jaw, and tongue.

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What is the function of the Auriculotemporal Nerve?

The Auriculotemporal Nerve is a branch of the Mandibular Nerve, primarily responsible for sensory innervation of the temple, ear, and external auditory canal. It also supplies the parotid gland.

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What is the function of the Lingual Nerve?

The Lingual Nerve, a branch of the Mandibular Nerve, is primarily responsible for sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

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What is the function of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve?

The Inferior Alveolar Nerve, a branch of the Mandibular Nerve, supplies sensation to the lower teeth and the skin of the chin. It also carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication.

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What is the function of the Mental Nerve?

The Mental Nerve is a branch of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve, and is responsible for providing sensation to the lower lip and chin.

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Petrosal Minor Nerve (N. Petrosus Minor)

A branch of the facial nerve (VII) carrying parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.

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Otic Ganglion

A parasympathetic ganglion located in the infratemporal fossa, receiving fibers from the petrosal minor nerve.

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Stylopharyngeus Muscle

A muscle in the pharynx, innervated by the stylopharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).

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Pharyngeal Plexus

A network of nerves in the pharynx, formed by branches of the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) nerves, and sympathetic fibers.

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Tonsils

Lymphoid tissue in the pharynx, innervated by sensory branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).

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Sinus Carotici

A small dilation in the internal carotid artery, containing chemoreceptors and baroreceptors.

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Vagus Nerve (X)

A mixed nerve containing sensory, motor, and parasympathetic fibers, originating from the medulla oblongata.

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Nucleus Ambiguus

A motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (X), located in the medulla oblongata.

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Chorda Tympani

A branch of the facial nerve (VII) carrying both sensory and parasympathetic fibers. It provides taste sensation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and innervates the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

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Parasympathetic Preganglionic Fibers

Nerve fibers that carry signals from the central nervous system to a ganglion (a cluster of nerve cells) outside the central nervous system. They are involved in activating the 'rest and digest' response of the autonomic nervous system.

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Ganglion Submandibulare

A ganglion located near the submandibular gland, receiving parasympathetic fibers from the chorda tympani and providing innervation for the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

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N. Vestibulocochlearis

The eighth cranial nerve, responsible for hearing and balance. It consists of two parts: the cochlear nerve (hearing) and the vestibular nerve (balance).

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Nervus Cochlearis

The auditory branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), responsible for transmitting sound information from the inner ear to the brain.

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Ganglion Spirale

A sensory ganglion located within the cochlea (inner ear) containing the first neurons of the auditory pathway. The dendrites of these neurons connect to the hair cells in the organ of Corti, which detect sound.

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Auditory Pathway

The pathway for signal transmission from the inner ear to the brain's auditory centers, involving neurons and structures throughout the brainstem and auditory cortex.

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Colliculus Inferior

A subcortical auditory center located in the midbrain, playing a role in sound localization, auditory attention, and reflex responses to sound.

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Vagus Nerve (X) - Trunk Distribution

The vagus nerve's trunks run through the diaphragm's esophageal hiatus, distributing to the anterior and posterior stomach walls as the anterior and posterior gastric plexuses. Fibers continue to the celiac plexus.

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Vagus Nerve (X) - Ramus Meningeus

This branch carries sensory fibers, begins at the superior ganglion, exits through the jugular foramen, re-enters the cranial cavity, and supplies the meninges of the posterior cranial fossa.

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Vagus Nerve (X) - Ramus Auricularis

This branch carries sensory fibers, originates at the superior ganglion, and supplies the skin of the posterior ear and external ear canal.

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Vagus Nerve (X) - Pharyngeal Branches

These branches start at the inferior ganglion and contain sensory, motor, and parasympathetic fibers. They reach the pharynx, forming the pharyngeal plexus with glossopharyngeal nerve branches and sympathetic fibers.

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Vagus Nerve (X) - Superior Laryngeal Nerve

This nerve starts at the inferior ganglion and contains sensory, motor, and parasympathetic fibers. It divides into the external and internal branches.

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Vagus Nerve (X) - Superior Laryngeal (External Branch)

This branch carries motor fibers and supplies the cricothyroid muscle, which influences voice pitch.

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Vagus Nerve (X) - Superior Laryngeal (Internal Branch)

This branch carries sensory and parasympathetic fibers. It descends along the thyrohyoid membrane, pierces through it, and supplies the larynx's mucous membrane.

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Vagus Nerve (X) - Cardiac Branches

These branches carry sensory and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers. They run alongside the common carotid artery, supplying the heart.

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Study Notes

Cranial Nerves

  • Cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system
  • The olfactory nerves (I) are sensory nerves of smell
  • They develop as processes of the telencephalon
  • Olfactory receptors are in the nasal mucosa
  • Axons form the fila olfactoria
  • These fibers pass through the cribiform plate to the olfactory bulb (2nd neuron of olfactory pathway)
  • The olfactory pathway continues to the brain's subcortical centers for smell and then to the cortical center in the uncus
  • The optic nerves (II) are sensory nerves of vision
  • They develop as a process of the diencephalon
  • The optic pathway begins with photoreceptors (rods and cones) in the retina
  • Bipolar cells and ganglionar cells are 2nd and 3rd neurons, respectively
  • Fibers from the medial retina cross at the optic chiasm
  • The uncrossed fibers remain on the same side
  • Optic tracts continue to subcortical visual centers
  • The 4th neurons of the optic pathway are in the lateral geniculate body and the superior colliculus
  • The optic pathway continues to the cortical visual center in the calcarine sulcus
  • Reflectoric visual pathways are also present, involving the superior colliculus
  • Oculomotor nerves (III) are mixed nerves with motor and parasympathetic fibers
  • The nuclei are located in the midbrain
  • The oculomotor nerve emerges from the midbrain
  • It branches into superior and inferior divisions for supplying various muscles
  • The nerve also controls the iris and ciliary muscles for accommodation and pupillary reflex
  • Trochlear nerves (IV) are motor nerves to the superior oblique muscles
  • The nucleus is located in the midbrain
  • The nerve emerges dorsally in the midbrain and runs around the brainstem structures to reach its targets
  • Trigeminal nerves (V) are mixed nerves with a major sensory component
  • The nerve contains three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular
  • The ophthalmic nerve further branches into lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliar branches (sensory)
  • The maxillary nerve also provides sensory innervation to adjacent structures
  • The mandibular nerve contains both sensory and motor fibers
  • The motor fibers supply the muscles of mastication
  • Abducens nerves (VI) are motor nerves to the lateral rectus muscles
  • The nucleus is located in the pons
  • The nerve emerges from the pons and passes through the cavernous sinus to enter the orbit
  • Facial nerves (VII) are mixed nerves, containing motor and parasympathetic fibers
  • The motor fibers innervate the muscles of facial expression
  • The sensory root is for taste sensation
  • The parasympathetic fibers innervate the lacrimal and salivary glands
  • Vestibulocochlear nerves (VIII) are sensory nerves that transmit auditory and vestibular information
  • These are made up of cochlear and vestibular nerves
  • Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX) are mixed nerves with sensory and parasympathetic fibers
  • The sensory fibers transmit taste and general sensation from the tongue and pharynx
  • The parasympathetic fibers innervate the parotid gland
  • Vagus nerves (X) are mixed nerves, extensive in their functions, innervating many organs in the thorax and abdomen
  • The vagus nerves contribute to various functions, including heart rate, respiration, and digestive processes
  • Accessory nerves (XI) are primarily motor nerves to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
  • These nerves are important for neck and shoulder movements
  • Hypoglossal nerves (XII) are motor nerves to the muscles of the tongue
  • These nerves are crucial for tongue movement and speech

Cranial Ganglia

  • Cranial ganglia are clusters of neuronal cell bodies located at various positions near cranial nerves
  • Cranial ganglia participate in parasympathetic functions

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This quiz delves into the anatomy and functions of cranial nerves, focusing specifically on the olfactory and optic nerves. Understand their development, pathways, and connections to the brain's sensory centers. Test your knowledge on these critical components of the peripheral nervous system.

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