Factors Affecting Drug Activity

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pharmacogenomics = a field of study that defines the hereditary basis of individual differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (the ADME processes). adverse drug reaction (ADR) = an unintended side effect of a medication that is negative or in some way injurious to a patient's health. anaphylactic shock = a potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction producing severe respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse drug resistance = the reduction of effectiveness in a drug such as an antibiotic or antineoplastic

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idiosyncrasy = an unexpected reaction the first time a drug is taken, generally due to genetic causes acute viral hepatitis = an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by viruses cirrhosis = a chronic liver disease causing loss of function hyperthyroidism = a condition in which thyroid hormone secretions are above normal, often referred to as an overactive thyroid

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obstructive jaundice = an obstruction of the bile duct that causes hepatic waste products and bile to accumulate in the liver hypothyroidism = a condition in which thyroid hormone secretions are below normal, often referred to as an underactive thyroid complexation = when two different molecules associate or attach to each other displacement = a drug that is bound to a plasma protein is removed when another drug of greater binding potential binds to the same protein

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enzyme induction = the increase in hepatic enzyme activity that results in greater metabolism of drugs enzyme inhibition = the decrease in hepatic enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs additive effects = the increased effect of two drugs within similar pharmacological reactions antidote = a drug that antagonizes the toxic effect of another Signup and view all the answers

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Circadian Rhythm = body's biological process that repeats in a 24 hour cyclical pattern potentiation = when one drug with no inherent activity of its own increases the activity and effect of another drug syngergism = when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions produce greater effects than the sum of individual effects drug-diet interactions = when elements of ingested nutrients interact with a drug and this affects the disposition of the drug Signup and view all the answers

Neonates' abilities to metabolize and excrete drugs differ from adults in what manner?

neonates metabolize drugs slower and excrete drugs slower than adults Signup and view all the answers

Adults experience

decreases in most physiological functions between ages 30-70 years Signup and view all the answers

It has been estimated that _______ of changes in drug disposition is due to genetics alone

20-50% Signup and view all the answers

Adults that have greater than ____ body fat have significant changes in drug distribution and renal excretion.

30% Signup and view all the answers

Agitation, delirium, and hallucinations are examples of adverse drug reactions (ADR) that occur in the

central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Anaphylactic shock usually occurs within

minutes Signup and view all the answers

When hepatic function is decreased by a hepatic disease, it is expected that

First-pass metabolism will decrease Signup and view all the answers

In end-stage renal disease, levels increase and levels decrease

orosomucoid, albumin Signup and view all the answers

Decreased blood circulation can affect drug metabolism by

changing the rate at which drugs move from the blood into hepatic cells Signup and view all the answers

Ciprofloxacin bioavailability can be reduced when given with calcium, magnesium, and aluminum ion-containing drugs. What type of drug-drug interaction is this

complexation Signup and view all the answers

If a drug is ______ plasma protein bound, a displacement interaction will probably be significant

90% Signup and view all the answers

The renal excretion of a drug is a combination of

glomerular filtration plus renal secretion minus urinary reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

When two drugs with similar pharmacological actions produce an effect greater than the sum of the individual effects, the interaction is called

a synergistic effect Signup and view all the answers

Which effect will the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract have on drug absorption?

all of the above Signup and view all the answers

Drug-diet interactions that alter drug absorption can be minimized by separating the administration of the drug and food intake by

2 hours Signup and view all the answers

A drug idiosyncrasy is a/an

unexpected response to a new medication Signup and view all the answers

When a drug cannot be mixed into a solution due to physical or chemical interactions, this known as

incompatibility Signup and view all the answers

_______ describes a decrease in a given drug's effect from continued use

tolerance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that does not influence human variability and differences in response to medications

none of the above Signup and view all the answers

The terms cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice, and acute viral hepatitis describe disease conditions in which organ system

hepatic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are adverse drug reactions?

all of the above Signup and view all the answers

_______ occurs when a drug with no inherent activity increases the activity of another drug that produces an effect

potentiation Signup and view all the answers

What would you recommend a patient do if they are taking medication that has a drug-food interaction?

separate the medication and food intake by 2 hours Signup and view all the answers

An antidote is a drug that

antagonizes the toxic effect of another drug Signup and view all the answers