51 Questions
Match the terms
pharmacogenomics = a field of study that defines the hereditary basis of individual differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (the ADME processes). adverse drug reaction (ADR) = an unintended side effect of a medication that is negative or in some way injurious to a patient's health. anaphylactic shock = a potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction producing severe respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse drug resistance = the reduction of effectiveness in a drug such as an antibiotic or antineoplastic
Match the terms
idiosyncrasy = an unexpected reaction the first time a drug is taken, generally due to genetic causes acute viral hepatitis = an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by viruses cirrhosis = a chronic liver disease causing loss of function hyperthyroidism = a condition in which thyroid hormone secretions are above normal, often referred to as an overactive thyroid
Match the terms
obstructive jaundice = an obstruction of the bile duct that causes hepatic waste products and bile to accumulate in the liver hypothyroidism = a condition in which thyroid hormone secretions are below normal, often referred to as an underactive thyroid complexation = when two different molecules associate or attach to each other displacement = a drug that is bound to a plasma protein is removed when another drug of greater binding potential binds to the same protein
Match the terms
enzyme induction = the increase in hepatic enzyme activity that results in greater metabolism of drugs enzyme inhibition = the decrease in hepatic enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs additive effects = the increased effect of two drugs within similar pharmacological reactions antidote = a drug that antagonizes the toxic effect of another
Match the terms
Circadian Rhythm = body's biological process that repeats in a 24 hour cyclical pattern potentiation = when one drug with no inherent activity of its own increases the activity and effect of another drug syngergism = when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions produce greater effects than the sum of individual effects drug-diet interactions = when elements of ingested nutrients interact with a drug and this affects the disposition of the drug
Neonates' abilities to metabolize and excrete drugs differ from adults in what manner?
neonates metabolize drugs slower and excrete drugs slower than adults
Adults experience
decreases in most physiological functions between ages 30-70 years
It has been estimated that _______ of changes in drug disposition is due to genetics alone
20-50%
Adults that have greater than ____ body fat have significant changes in drug distribution and renal excretion.
30%
Agitation, delirium, and hallucinations are examples of adverse drug reactions (ADR) that occur in the
central nervous system
Anaphylactic shock usually occurs within
minutes
When hepatic function is decreased by a hepatic disease, it is expected that
First-pass metabolism will decrease
In end-stage renal disease, ______ levels increase and ______ levels decrease
orosomucoid, albumin
Decreased blood circulation can affect drug metabolism by
changing the rate at which drugs move from the blood into hepatic cells
Ciprofloxacin bioavailability can be reduced when given with calcium, magnesium, and aluminum ion-containing drugs. What type of drug-drug interaction is this
complexation
If a drug is ______ plasma protein bound, a displacement interaction will probably be significant
90%
The renal excretion of a drug is a combination of
glomerular filtration plus renal secretion minus urinary reabsorption
When two drugs with similar pharmacological actions produce an effect greater than the sum of the individual effects, the interaction is called
a synergistic effect
Which effect will the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract have on drug absorption?
all of the above
Drug-diet interactions that alter drug absorption can be minimized by separating the administration of the drug and food intake by
2 hours
A drug idiosyncrasy is a/an
unexpected response to a new medication
When a drug cannot be mixed into a solution due to physical or chemical interactions, this known as
incompatibility
_______ describes a decrease in a given drug's effect from continued use
tolerance
Which of the following is a factor that does not influence human variability and differences in response to medications
none of the above
The terms cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice, and acute viral hepatitis describe disease conditions in which organ system
hepatic
Which of the following are adverse drug reactions?
all of the above
_______ occurs when a drug with no inherent activity increases the activity of another drug that produces an effect
potentiation
What would you recommend a patient do if they are taking medication that has a drug-food interaction?
separate the medication and food intake by 2 hours
An antidote is a drug that
antagonizes the toxic effect of another drug
Physiological changes in pregnancy tend to increase the rate of absorption of drugs
False
Adults experience a decrease in many physical functions between the ages of 30-70 years
True
Lower cardiac output in the elderly tends to slow the distribution of drugs
True
Foods containing tyramine, such as aged cheeses, may produce dangerous interactions with some medications
True
Ibuprofen can cause nephrotoxicity
True
The activity of metabolizing enzymes in the liver is reduced in hypothyroidism
True
Some anticancer drugs are considered carcinogenic
True
Iron salts form nonabsorbable complexes with tetracycline
True
Phenobarbital is an example of an enzyme inducer
True
Eating too much spinach can cause problems for patients who are taking some types of anticoagulants
True
A potentially fatal allergic reaction is called
anaphylactic shock
Placebo effects can be due to
psychological factors
______ has decreased elimination in cirrhosis
metoprolol
Hypersensitivity generally happens because a patient develops
antibodies
Hepatotoxicity is associated with the
liver
Unpleasant physical symptoms when someone's drugs are discontinued are called
physiological dependence
Antineoplastics can cause bone marrow suppression, and this is an example of
hematological effects
The ability of a substance to cause abnormal fetal development when given to pregnant women is called
teratogenicity
Drugs that increase the activity of metabolizing enzymes in the liver cause
enzyme induction
A drug given to block or reduce the toxic effects of another drug is called a(n)
antidote
Increased protein in the diet appears to
increase metabolism
Eating aged cheeses is especially dangerous when taking
phenelzine
Test your knowledge on how neonates' abilities to metabolize and excrete drugs differ from adults. Take this quiz to understand the unique aspects of drug metabolism in neonates.
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