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Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic of purulent inflammation?
What is the main characteristic of purulent inflammation?
Which of the following is true regarding fibrinous inflammation?
Which of the following is true regarding fibrinous inflammation?
What are abscesses primarily composed of?
What are abscesses primarily composed of?
What differentiates ulcers from other forms of inflammation?
What differentiates ulcers from other forms of inflammation?
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Which condition is most commonly associated with fibrinous pericarditis?
Which condition is most commonly associated with fibrinous pericarditis?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
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What term describes the process where leukocytes adhere to the walls of blood vessels during inflammation?
What term describes the process where leukocytes adhere to the walls of blood vessels during inflammation?
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Which type of leukocyte predominates during acute inflammation?
Which type of leukocyte predominates during acute inflammation?
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What is the primary mechanism by which leukocytes navigate to the site of tissue injury?
What is the primary mechanism by which leukocytes navigate to the site of tissue injury?
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Which of the following cells is associated with hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following cells is associated with hypersensitivity reactions?
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What happens to leukocytes as blood flow slows during inflammation?
What happens to leukocytes as blood flow slows during inflammation?
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Which of the following is a chemotactic substance that can attract leukocytes?
Which of the following is a chemotactic substance that can attract leukocytes?
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What is the role of eosinophils in the immune response?
What is the role of eosinophils in the immune response?
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Study Notes
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Rubor: Redness
- Tumor: Swelling
- Calor: Heat
- Dolor: Pain
- Loss of function (functio laesa)
Leukocyte Adherence to Endothelium
- Blood flow slows
- Wall shear stress decreases
- Leukocytes move to a more peripheral position
- Margination: neutrophils adhere and align with vessels
- Rolling: cells bind and detach
- Adhesion: cells adhere through complementary adhesion molecules
Chemotaxis
- Leukocytes cross endothelium and basement membrane to enter extravascular tissue
- Cells follow a chemotactic gradient to reach the agent
- Bacterial products are chemotactic
- Endogenous chemotactic agents include cytokines
- Type of leukocyte depends on the stimulus and inflammation phase
- Acute inflammation is dominated by neutrophils
Contrast in Inflammatory Responses
- Viral infections: Lymphocytes are the initial cells involved
- Hypersensitivity reactions: Lymphocytes and plasma cells dominate
- Allergic reactions: Eosinophils are the primary cell type
Bacterial vs Viral Pneumonia
- Bacterial pneumonia: Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, neutrophils and macrophages are the primary immune cells
- Viral pneumonia: Caused by SARS-CoV-2, lymphocytes are the primary immune cells
Eosinophil
- Part of the body's innate immune system
- Protects against allergens, infections (like parasites), and other issues like allergies, hives, and autoimmune diseases
- Medication effect
Acute Inflammation: Morphologic Patterns
- Serous inflammation
- Fibrinous inflammation
- Suppurative inflammation
- Abscesses
- Ulcers
Serous Inflammation
- Cell-poor fluid accumulation in spaces
- Early stage of acute inflammation
- Example: blister formation from a burn
Fibrinous Inflammation
- Increased vascular permeability allowing larger molecules to leak
- Fibrinous exudate formation when vascular leaks are large
- Example: meningitis and pericarditis
- Fibrous exudates can lead to scarring (organization)
- Fibrous pericarditis
Purulent Inflammation
- Presence of pus (exudate with neutrophils and necrotic debris)
- Purulent and suppurative inflammation are the same
- Bacteria are the most common cause
- Example: acute appendicitis
Abscesses
- Localized collections of purulent inflammatory tissue
- Contained within a space
- Center is necrosis
- Periphery contains preserved neutrophils and fibroblasts
Ulcers
- Local defect in the surface of an organ or tissue due to sloughing of inflamed, necrotic tissue
- Occurs when there is tissue necrosis
- Example: peptic ulcer disease
Neutrophil Fate
- Neutrophils undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
- Result: the cell breaks into small pieces (apoptotic bodies)
Chronic Inflammation
- Dominated by mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells)
- Lymphocytes (T cells) produce interferon gamma activating macrophages
- Interferon gamma is a cytokine (mediator of inflammation)
- Tissue destruction
- Healing by fibrosis
Mast Cells
- Key component in allergic reactions, insect bites, and medication reactions
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