CPR and First Aid Basics

• The lecture covers first aid, CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation), bleeding, and wounds

First Aid Training

• Focuses on providing skills and knowledge to minimize the effects of accidents or injuries

First Aider

• Any trained and licensed person can administer first aid

First Aider Duties

• Complex surgeries should not be performed by a First Aider
• The priority of a first aider is to ensure their own safety

Accident Examples Requiring First Aid

• Slips and falls
• Motor vehicle accidents
• Accidental burns

Essential First Aid Kit Items

• Bandages
• Sterile gauze
• Scissors
• A stethoscope is not part of a first aid kit

First Aid Objectives

• Sustain life
• Prevent the worsening of a condition
• Promote recovery

Protection from Biological Hazards

• Wear protective equipment like gloves and masks
• Wash hands after treatment
• Avoiding direct contact with wounds

Principles of First Aid

• Keep the victim away from danger
• Call for help if needed
• Help the victim quickly and carefully
• Do not give water to an unconscious victim

Emergency Action Sequence Steps

• Check for breathing
• Call for help
• Ensure a safe environment

Assessing a Victim

• Check for consciousness
• Check the airway
• Check skin color
• Do not give food

Responsiveness Check

• Call the victim's name loudly
• Gently tap their shoulder

AVPU Acronym

• Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive

Care for Unresponsive but Breathing Victim

• Place the victim in the recovery position

Recognizing Proper Breathing

• Chest rising and falling
• Air coming from nose or mouth
• Normal breathing sounds
• Gasping for air is NOT a sign of proper breathing

Initial Check for Unconscious Victim

• Check the Airway

Action to Avoid During First Aid

• Moving a person with a suspected spinal injury

First Step in Emergency Action

• Ensure a safe environment

Opening an Airway

• Use the head-tilt/chin-lift method for an unresponsive victim

Pulse Check for Unconscious Victim

• Check the Carotid pulse

Spinal Injury Check

• Use the Babinski test

Last Step Primary Survey

• Check for defibrillation needs

Recovery Position

• Keeps an unconscious person's airway open

Duration for Breathing Check on Unconscious Victim

• Check for 10 seconds

Responding to a Choking but Coughing Person

• Encourage the person to keep coughing

CPR Acronym

• Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

Calling Emergency Services

• Call if the victim stops breathing

Victim Assessment Priority

• Check airway

CPR Main Objective

• To maintain circulation and breathing

Time Frame for Brain Damage

• Brain damage starts within 4-6 minutes after cardiopulmonary arrest

Consequences of Delayed CPR

• Brain damage becomes irreversible if CPR is not started within 8-10 minutes of cardiac arrest

Primary Function Cardiopulmonary System

• Delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body

CPR Indications

• Cardiac arrest
• Respiratory arrest
• Cardio-respiratory arrest
• Choking with a strong pulse is NOT an indication for CPR

Sign of Respiratory Arrest

• No breathing

Pulse Check for Adult CPR Assessment

• The Carotid pulse is checked

Nervous System Sign Cardiopulmonary Arrest

• Pupil dilation

Normal Heart Rate for an Adult

• 60-90 beats per minute

First Step Emergency Action Sequence

• Survey the scene

Emergency Number in Egypt

• The emergency number is 123

Actions After Checking Responsiveness

• Call for help

Victim Assessment ABC

• Airway, Breathing, Circulation

CPR Sequence

• CAB (Compression, Airway, Breathing)

Chest Compressions to Rescue Breaths Ratio

• The ratio for chest compressions to rescue breaths is 30:2

Chest Compression Depth for Adults

• 5-6 cm

Recommended Rate of Chest Compressions

• 100-120 per minute

Hand Placement for Chest Compressions

• Center of the chest (sternum)

Head Positioning for Rescue Breaths

• Tilted backward with chin lifted

Defibrillator

• A device that restarts the heart using electricity

Defibrillator Usage Timing

• Use as soon as it’s available

Pre-Defibrillator Steps

• Ensure the area is dry
• Remove any metal objects
• Ensure no one is touching the victim

AED Function

• Analyzes heart rhythm and delivers a shock if needed

Common AED Mistake

• Placing pads incorrectly
• Using it on a breathing person
• Not following the voice instructions

Common Chest Compression Mistake

• Not pushing deep enough
• Not allowing full chest recoil
• Incorrect hand placement

When to Stop CPR

• If the victim moves or breathes

Consequences of Incorrect CPR

• Further injury or ineffective circulation

Actions When Multiple Rescuers Available

• Rescuers switch every 2 minutes

CPR Alternative for Untrained Rescuers

• Hands-only CPR

Infant CPR Differences

• Use two fingers for compressions

Compression Depth Infant

• 4 cm

Compression-to-Breath Ratio Infant

• 30:2

Pulse Check Location Infant

• Brachial artery

Mouth-to-Mouth on Infant

• Cover both mouth and nose

First Step Choking Adult

• Encourage coughing

Clearing Choking Victim Airway

• Use the Heimlich maneuver

Actions for Choking Infant

• Give back slaps and chest thrusts

Unconscious Choking Victim with No Pulse

• Start CPR

Infant Position for Back Slaps

• Face down, head lower than the body

Rescue Breaths with a Pulse but No Breathing

• Give every 5-6 seconds

Position Breathing but Unresponsive Victim

• Place the victim in the recovery position

Device for Advanced Airway Management

• Bag-valve mask (BVM)

Pre-Rescue Breath Check

• Check for blockages in the airway

Actions with a Victim in Water

• Move the victim to dry land first

First Step Using AED on Wet Person

• Wipe the chest dry

Modifying CPR Suspected Spinal Injury

• Do not move the head when opening the airway

CPR for a Victim with Pacemaker

• Place pads at least 1 inch away from the pacemaker

Switching Rescuers Benefit

• Reduces fatigue and improves effectiveness

Universal Choking Sign

• Grabbing the throat

Definition Bleeding

• Escape of blood from blood vessels

Definition Hemorrhage

• Large amount of bleeding in a short time

Most Dangerous Bleeding

• Arterial Bleeding

Characteristics Arterial Bleeding

• Bright red blood spurting in rhythm with the pulse

Characteristics Venous Bleeding

• Dark red blood flowing steadily

Characteristics Capillary Bleeding

• Bright red blood with slow oozing

Danger of Internal Bleeding

• It is hard to detect and can cause organ damage

Definition Hematemesis

• Vomiting of blood

Definition Melena

• Tarry black stool due to blood

Definition Epistaxis

• Bleeding from the nose

Symptoms Hemorrhage

• Pale face and lips

Pulse Type Hemorrhage

• Rapid and weak (thready)

Type of Respiration Hemorrhage

• Rapid and shallow

Complications of Bleeding

• Shock
• Organ failure
• Death

First Step Managing Severe External Bleeding

• Apply pressure to the wound

Bleeding Control

• Apply direct pressure on the wound
• Elevate affected limb
• Use pressure points

3Ps Technique

• Pressure on the wound

First Aid Epistaxis

• Tilt the head forward

Duration Pinching Nostrils for Epistaxis

• Pinch for 10 minutes

Pressure Point Bleeding Control

• Main artery closest to the wound

Patient Position Internal Bleeding

• Head lower than body with legs raised

Common Sign Internal Bleeding

• Contusion

Least Dangerous Bleeding

• Capillary bleeding

Causes Internal Bleeding

• Car accident
• Organ perforation
• Severe fall

Best Dressing Bleeding Wound

• Dry, clean gauze

Action Person Faints Due to Bleeding

• Lay them down and elevate their legs

Actions to Avoid Ear Bleeding

• Packing the ear canal

Actions to Avoid Scalp Bleeding

• Pressing on a possible skull fracture

Indicates Shock Due to Severe Bleeding

• Cold, clammy skin and rapid pulse

BLEEDING Acronym

• "B" stands for Put Gloves On
• "L" stands for Look for the site of bleeding
• "E" stands for Elevate the wound above heart level
• "D" stands for Dressing the wound

Fastest Spreading Bleeding

• Arterial

Actions to Avoid When Treating Hemorrhage

• Delaying treatment to observe bleeding

Embedded Object in Bleeding Wound

• Apply pressure around the object

NOT a Sign of Hemorrhage

• Strong and slow pulse

Monitoring Internal Bleeding

• Check breathing and pulse every 10 minutes

Stopping a Nosebleed

• Tilt the head forward and pinch the nostrils

First Aid for Scalp Bleeding

• Apply firm pressure unless a skull fracture is suspected

Actions to Avoid Severe Bleeding Victim

• Do not give: water, painkillers, or food

Hemophilia Bleeding

• Internal bleeding is the most common

Pulse Point Circulation a Bleeding Patient

• All of the above points can be used: Carotid artery
• Radial artery
• Brachial artery

Unconscious Bleeding Wound Priority

• Check airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC)

Transporting Internal Bleeding Patient

• Lay them down with legs elevated

Danger Untreated Hemorrhage

• Shock
• Organ failure
• Death

Respiration Hemorrhage

• Rapid and shallow

Next Step If Direct Pressure Fails

• Apply more dressing and maintain pressure

Early Sign of Shock Due to Bleeding

• Sweating and weakness

Transferring Bleeding Patient to Hospital

• If bleeding continues despite first aid
• If the wound is deep
• If the patient shows signs of shock

Definition of a Wound

• A break in the skin’s surface or injury to soft tissue

Wound Healing Time Classification

• Acute and chronic

Wound Healing on Time

• Acute

Wound Type Takes Longer to Heal

• Chronic

Clean Wound

• Made under sterile conditions with no organisms present

Wound with Pathogens

• Contaminated wound

Wound Causes Infection

• Infected wound

Colonized Wound

• Containing bacteria but not showing infection signs

Origins of Wounds

• Internal and external

Internal Wound Cause

• Impaired blood supply and chronic illness

External Wound Cause

• Penetrating or non-penetrating trauma

Wound does not expose underlying tissue

• Closed wound

Contusion

• Closed wound with hemorrhage and swelling

###Open wound

• Any wound with exposed organs

Abrasion

• Top layer of skin is removed

Surgical Cut

• An Insicion

Irregular Edges

• Laceration

Gunshot Wound

• Small entry and larger exit

Tearing Off

• Amputation

Signs wounds

• Redness, swelling, bleeding, loss of function

Infection

• Pus drainage and pain

Complications Of Wounds

• Infection, scarring, loss of function, tetanus

Bacteria causes Tetanus

• Clostridium tetani

Tetanus also called

• Lockjaw

Tetanus Major Symptoms

• Muscle stiffness and difficulty swallowing

Treat Minor Wounds

• Apply direct pressure
• Minor wounds are treated with Antibiotic ointment
• After dressing wash hands
• 1st step treat a major wound is put on gloves
• To control serve bleeding keep dressings on and pressure
• Soaked bandage put more bandages on top of it

First Aid Shock

• Keep the person warm and comfortable

Indicate Shock

• A weak carotid pulse, pale skin, and shallow breathing

Immobilize a Limb

• Secure to each other