Ap human unit 6 1

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a significant limitation of central place theory?

  • It accounts for political and cultural factors influencing urban development.
  • It assumes a flat, uniform landscape with equal transportation access, which is unrealistic. (correct)
  • It accurately predicts urban hierarchies in all geographic regions.
  • It assumes varying levels of accessibility across a landscape.

Based on the provided information, which of the following cities is LEAST likely to experience substantial growth by 2030?

  • Dar es Salaam
  • Baghdad
  • Luanda
  • New York (correct)

What are two primary factors driving urban growth in peripheral countries?

  • Decreasing job opportunities and declining living conditions.
  • Strict government regulations and limited access to resources.
  • Low birth rates and emigration to core countries.
  • High birth rates and rural-to-urban migration. (correct)

Why are most future megacities expected to emerge in peripheral countries?

<p>Rapid population growth, urbanization, and economic development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic primarily distinguishes world cities from other cities?

<p>Global, economic, cultural, and political influence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can world cities most effectively influence the culture of people in distant locations?

<p>Through the diffusion of trends, innovations, and media. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies the cultural influence of a world city on a distant population?

<p>Local artisans create goods inspired by designs from a fashion show in Paris. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider two cities: City A, a remote regional hub, and City B, a global financial center. Which statement offers the most accurate comparison?

<p>City B likely has a greater impact on international cultural trends than City A. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors poses a significant challenge when comparing the size of urban areas across different countries?

<p>Varying definitions of 'urban area' and inconsistent population density thresholds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a metropolitan area differ from a city?

<p>A city has a defined political boundary, while a metropolitan area includes the city and surrounding suburbs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were rivers crucial for the development of many U.S. cities during the 19th century?

<p>Rivers served as transportation routes for trade and commerce. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors would suggest continued growth for cities that developed along rivers?

<p>Economic shifts that favor industries requiring substantial water resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the characteristics of a metropolitan area, which of the following best exemplifies its spatial extent?

<p>The Greater New York Area, extending beyond New York City into surrounding communities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the rank-size rule, if a country's largest city has a population of 12 million, approximately what would be the population of the fourth-largest city?

<p>3 million (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a city initially thrives due to its strategic location along a major river. Which scenario would most likely challenge its continued growth and prosperity?

<p>The construction of a high-speed railway that bypasses the city, diverting trade and commerce. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a country with a primate city?

<p>A country where the largest city is more than twice the size of the second-largest city. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the concept of varying 'urban area' definitions affecting comparative city size analysis?

<p>A and C only (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would future environmental changes MOST LIKELY impact cities that developed along rivers, considering their historical reliance on these waterways?

<p>Potential water scarcity, increased flooding, and ecosystem degradation, affecting key industries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In central place theory, what does 'threshold' primarily refer to?

<p>The minimum population required to support a particular business or service. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to central place theory, which of the following goods would likely have the largest range?

<p>Concert Tickets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most significantly contributes to New York City having a greater 'gravitational pull' than Albany for someone located halfway between them?

<p>New York City's significantly larger population that increases the availability of jobs, commerce and services. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do high-order goods and services typically have larger thresholds and ranges compared to low-order goods and services?

<p>High-order goods require a larger population to sustain demand and are purchased less frequently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would best indicate that a country's urban system does NOT follow the rank-size rule?

<p>The largest city accounts for a disproportionately large percentage of the country's total population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best real-world example of a low-order service?

<p>A corner grocery store. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do zones of abandonment typically contribute to the economic challenges in urban areas?

<p>By concentrating poverty, reducing property values, and limiting investment, which leads to a decline in local businesses and job opportunities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of redlining contributes most directly to present-day affordable housing shortages?

<p>Redlining caused long-term disinvestment in specific neighborhoods, limiting housing development and perpetuating segregation that continues to affect housing availability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do squatter settlements primarily exist in countries of the periphery?

<p>Rapid urbanization, limited affordable housing, and weak property rights enforcement compel people to create informal settlements as a means of survival. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How could city governments reduce the negative impacts of gentrification in urban areas?

<p>By implementing inclusionary zoning policies, rent control, and providing assistance programs for existing residents to help maintain diverse communities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do urban areas contribute to climate change significantly?

<p>Urban areas contribute through concentrated energy consumption, transportation emissions, and waste generation, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Southeast Asian city model, what is a common characteristic of cities in this region?

<p>A mix of residential, commercial, and industrial activities throughout the city. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A city prioritizes expanding its green spaces and parks. How might this decision affect housing density and city services?

<p>Decreased housing density near green spaces, potentially decreasing the efficiency of city service delivery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which urban settlement model best describes Beijing, based on the provided case study, and why?

<p>The Multiple Nuclei Model, as it features several distinct nodes of activity and growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely consequence for a core country if its infrastructure begins to deteriorate significantly?

<p>Reduced economic productivity and potential social instability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the desire for single-family homes and larger properties contribute to urban sprawl?

<p>It necessitates expanding the urban perimeter to accommodate lower-density housing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From a spatial perspective, what is the primary rationale behind dedicating specific lanes exclusively for buses in urban areas?

<p>To increase the speed and reliability of public transit, thereby maximizing its efficiency and appeal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a city with very high-density housing, what types of homes are most commonly found?

<p>Apartment complexes with high-rise buildings and smaller living spaces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might disagreements between different levels of government (e.g., federal, state, and local) most likely affect housing development and policies?

<p>They may cause delays, inconsistencies, or even the cancellation of housing projects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic primarily distinguishes qualitative data from quantitative data in urban studies?

<p>Qualitative data explores in-depth understanding and experiences, while quantitative data measures and quantifies specific aspects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A city planner aims to promote sustainable urban development. How might mixed-use development contribute to this goal?

<p>By reducing transportation needs and promoting diverse, vibrant communities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do declining tax revenues in urban areas typically exacerbate infrastructure problems and poverty?

<p>Lower tax revenues result in decreased funding for essential services and infrastructure maintenance, contributing to urban decline and poverty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the practice of redlining?

<p>The practice of banks refusing loans or insurance to people living in specific geographic areas, often based on race or ethnicity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do the Flame Towers in Baku exemplify smart-growth urban design principles?

<p>They are high-density, mixed-use structures located in a central, accessible area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between mixed-use development and traditional zoning practices?

<p>Mixed-use development allows for a combination of residential, commercial, and industrial activities in one area, while traditional zoning segregates these uses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of building on urban greenbelt sites?

<p>It can diminish the availability of natural spaces and recreational areas for urban residents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'filtering' relate to urban housing markets?

<p>It describes the gradual decline in the quality and affordability of housing as it ages and is occupied by lower-income residents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Process

A continuous sequence of events involving an individual or entity and their environment.

Urban Area Challenges

An urban area faces challenges in size comparison due to differing definitions across countries.

Metropolitan Area

An area including a city and its surrounding suburbs.

City Definition

A city has defined political boundaries and a central urban core.

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Rivers & City Growth

Rivers were key for trade and water supply in the 19th century.

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Future City Growth

Cities alongside a water body could experience future growth due to water necessity.

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Urban Sprawl

The unrestricted expansion of urban areas.

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Edge City

A suburban area acting as a large commercial and business center

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Rank-size rule

The nth largest city in a region is 1/n the size of the largest city.

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Primate city

A city significantly larger than others in a country or region.

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Central place theory

A theory explaining the distribution of services, based on range and threshold.

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Threshold

The minimum population needed to support a business.

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Range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel for a service.

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Gravity Model

A model that explains the relative strength of a bond between two places.

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High-order goods

Goods or services required less frequently and found in larger central places; require a large population to sustain demand.

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Low-order goods

Goods or services required frequently and typically available in smaller, local areas.

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Central Place Theory Limitations

Assumes a flat, uniform landscape and equal transportation access, which is unrealistic.

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Fastest Growing Cities by 2030

Dar es Salaam, Luanada, Baghdad, and Lahore

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Urban Growth Drivers

High birth rates and rural to urban migration

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Megacities in Peripheral Countries

Rapid population growth, urbanization, and economic development.

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World Cities vs. Other Cities

Global influence vs. regional service

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Cultural Influence of World Cities

World cities influence culture through economy and media.

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Urban Growth in Peripheral Areas

Cities in peripheral countries are experiencing rapid population growth and urbanization due to migration.

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Global Cultural Impact

Cities influence the culture of people far away through media, fashion, and trends.

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Southeast Asian City Model

A model identifying features common to cities in Southeast Asia.

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Zoning

Rules defining how land can be used in specific areas.

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Sprawl Cause

Desire for single-family homes and more space encourages outward urban expansion.

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High-Density Housing

Apartments, high-rises, and other multi-unit dwellings.

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Housing Density & City Services

Housing density impacts the demand and provision of services like water, waste management and emergency response.

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Bus-Only Lanes

Dedicated lanes improve bus speed and efficiency.

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Library Effects

Libraries can revitalize communities, promote education and provide internet access.

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Government Disagreements & Housing

Potential disagreements between local, state, and federal entities that impact housing development.

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Zones of Abandonment

Areas within a city that have been largely abandoned due to economic or social factors, leading to urban decay and population decline.

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Affordable Housing Shortages

A shortage of affordable housing can occur due to rising property values, stagnant wages, and limited construction of affordable units.

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Squatter Settlements

Settlements in periphery countries often lacking basic services and legal recognition, formed by people migrating to cities in search of opportunities but unable to afford formal housing.

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Reducing Gentrification Impacts

A strategy is implementing policies that promote mixed-income housing, rent control, and community involvement in development projects.

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Green Roofs

Green roofs contribute to sustainability through stormwater management, insulation, habitat creation, and reducing the urban heat island effect.

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Qualitative Data

Data expressing qualities (descriptions, colors, feelings), observed but not measured.

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Quantitative Data

Data expressing a certain quantity, amount or range. Usually there are units associated with the data.

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Mixed-Use Development

Developments with a mix of residential, commercial, and cultural spaces in one area.

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Traditional Zoning

Traditional zoning separates land uses into distinct areas (residential, commercial, industrial).

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Smart-Growth Policies

Urban planning that aims to create sustainable communities by focusing on compact, walkable, mixed-use developments.

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Redlining

The practice of denying services (loans, insurance) to residents of certain areas based on race or ethnicity.

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Blockbusting

The discriminatory and illegal practice of persuading owners to sell property cheaply because of fears that the entry of minorities into a neighborhood will cause a decline in property values

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Declining Tax Revenue

Loss of revenues leads to underfunded services, causing a decline in quality of life for the remaining inhabitants, which initiates a negative spiral of disinvestment

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Study Notes

  • Study notes for Unit 6 Reading Guide, Chapter Fifteen (pg 400-430) and Sixteen (pg 430-449) and Seventeen (pg 452-479)

The Origin and Influences of Urbanization

  • Challenges in comparing cities across the world include different definitions of "urban area," such as varying population density thresholds.
  • These varying definitions and urban areas extending beyond official city boundaries into metro areas make consistent analysis difficult.
  • A metropolitan area includes a city and its surrounding suburbs.
  • A city has a defined political boundary and central urban core.
  • The Greater New York Area, which extends beyond New York City to close communities is an example of a metro area.

Factors That Influence Urban Growth

  • Many U.S. cities developed along rivers in the 19th century because waterways provided transportation routes for trade, commerce, and water for various industries
  • These cities are expected to experience future growth because water is necessary for many processes
  • Certain economic shifts, infrastructure changes, and environmental changes could additionally support the growth for cities along rivers.
  • Economic development attracts businesses and workers, leading to city expansion.
  • Cities with strong economies experience rapid urban growth.
  • Government policies like tax incentives and infrastructure investments support growth, however policies that neglect infrastructure or housing can limit urban expansion.
  • The automobile has allowed people to live farther from city centers, leading to expansion in modern American cities.
  • Cities adapted by building highways and road networks, reducing reliance on public transportation.
  • Cities that evolved after the automobile are more spread out, designed for cars, and have suburban sprawl, which differentiates them from earlier cities.
  • Earlier cities are more compact, walkable, and built for public transit systems
  • Suburbanization relates to urban sprawl by being the spread of residential areas beyond city centers.
  • Urban sprawl is unplanned and excessive expansion, a result of rapid suburban growth, that occurs when growth exceeds infrastructure and zoning regulations.

The Size and Distribution of Cities

  • Graphs illustrate the rank size rule to a moderate degree
  • The U.S follows the rule more closely as each city's population is half of the city ranked above it.
  • Libya has a primate city because its population exceeds over half of Benghazi which is below it.
  • Between New York City and Albany, most people would rather visit New York because NYC has a much larger population resulting a greater pull for jobs, commerce, and services.
  • Using the rank-size rule, If the largest city has 15 million people, the second-largest city would have about 7.5 million, the third would have 5 million, the fourth 3.75 million, and the fifth 3 million.
  • High-order goods (e.g., luxury cars) have larger thresholds and ranges than lower order goods, requiring a larger population to sustain demand and attract customers from farther away.
  • Low-order goods (e.g., groceries) are needed frequently and are found in smaller areas.
  • Central place theory assumes a flat uniform landscape and equal transportation access, which is unrealistic.

Cities and Globalization

  • Cities expected to experience the most growth by 2030 are in peripheral countries which includes Dar es Salaam, Luanada, Baghdad, and Lahore.
  • High birth rates and rural to urban migration are two factors driving urban growth in peripheral countries, because people want more job opportunities and better living conditions.
  • Most future megacities will be found in peripheral countries due to rapid population growth, urbanization, and economic development, all of which attract people seeking better opportunities.
  • World cities such as New York have global, economic, cultural, and political influence, and host multinational corporations while smaller cities primarily serve regional populations.
  • World cities may influence culture because of the spread of culture trends, fashion, entertainment, and business practices through media, trade, and migration.
  • A city can attract global attention through hosting international events, developing strong business hubs, promoting tourism, and investing to enhance global connections.

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