Questions and Answers
What is the primary risk associated with oxygen therapy at high concentrations over a long period?
Humidification is unnecessary for patients receiving high-flow oxygen therapy.
False
What should be monitored to avoid complications during oxygen therapy?
Oxygen saturation levels
Non-invasive Ventilation (NIV) is a technique used to support patients without the need for __________.
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Match the following risks of oxygen therapy with their corresponding descriptions:
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What is the primary function of Salbutamol in COPD management?
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Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) is used to provide lower positive pressure during inspiration.
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What role do oral corticosteroids like prednisolone play in COPD treatment?
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The SARS-CoV-2 virus binds to the ACE2 receptors on the surface of ______ cells.
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Match the following COPD treatments with their purposes:
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What is the mechanism of action for non-invasive ventilation (NIV)?
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Corticosteroids are used to speed up recovery during a COPD exacerbation.
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What type of medication is typically administered via inhalation to aid bronchodilation?
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What role does the TMPRSS2 enzyme play in viral infection?
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Cytotoxic T cells are involved in the early phase of the immune response to COVID-19.
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What is the term for the programmed cell death that contributes to inflammation during a viral infection?
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The excessive immune response known as a cytokine storm is characterized by a rapid increase in cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-___.
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What major issue arises from the hyperinflammatory phase of COVID-19?
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Match the following cytokines with their effects:
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Name one organ that can be affected by systemic inflammation caused by COVID-19.
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The immune response to COVID-19 typically leads to multiple organ dysfunction.
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Study Notes
COVID-19 Pathophysiology
- TMPRSS2 enzyme is utilized by SARS-CoV-2 for cell entry.
- Once inside host cells, the virus replicates and causes pyroptosis, leading to inflammation and immune cell recruitment.
Host Immune Response
- Early immune response involves macrophages and dendritic cells detecting the virus.
- Late-phase response includes cytotoxic T cells clearing infected cells.
- Viral recognition by the body triggers pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, recruiting monocytes and virus-specific T cells.
Hyperinflammatory Phase
- Severe immune response, known as a cytokine storm, occurs in some patients.
- Cytokines like IL-6, IL-10, and IL-2 rapidly increase, causing excessive immune cell infiltration in lungs, leading to respiratory distress.
Multiorgan Dysfunction
- Inflammation can become systemic, affecting organs beyond lungs, possibly causing a procoagulant state and multiple organ failures.
- Compromised organ function, particularly in the heart, kidneys, and liver, can lead to their failure due to widespread inflammation and coagulation.
COPD Management
- Salbutamol, a short-acting beta-2 agonist, relaxes airway smooth muscles for bronchodilation and is administered via inhalation.
- Oral corticosteroids like prednisolone help reduce airway inflammation during COPD exacerbations, improving lung function and recovery.
- Intravenous corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone, provide anti-inflammatory effects for patients unable to take oral medications.
- Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) with BiLevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) enhances patient breathing by providing varied pressure during inspiration and expiration.
Oxygen Therapy: Risks and Management
- Risks associated with oxygen therapy include O2 toxicity from high concentrations and dry nasal passages.
- Careful monitoring of O2 saturation is essential to avoid complications in patients with chronic CO2 retention.
- Oxygen flow rates should start minimal, adjusting based on patient response while monitoring for hypoxemia or oxygen toxicity.
- Humidification is crucial for high-flow oxygen patients to prevent mucosal irritation and bleeding.
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Description
This quiz covers the pathophysiology of COVID-19, focusing on the role of the TMPRSS2 enzyme in viral entry and replication. It also explores the host immune response, including early detection, late-phase clearance, and the hyperinflammatory phase often seen in severe cases, leading to multiorgan dysfunction. Test your knowledge of these critical aspects of COVID-19's impact on health.
