COVID-19 Infection Control Strategies

<p>Multiple, independent layers of defense, each with potential weaknesses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Managing severe inflammatory responses such as cytokine storms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Safety studies for repurposed drugs are already largely available. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have shown no benefit as repurposed antimalarials or viral entry inhibitors for COVID-19. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NiRAN (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cause premature termination of viral RNA synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remdesivir (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of drug resistance in SARS-CoV-2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vector vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein subunit vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stabilization in the prefusion conformation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It binds soluble IL-6, reducing inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rapid mutation rate of the spike protein. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a cysteine protease that releases the N-terminal NSP proteins 1-3. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its similarity to human enzymes making selectivity difficult. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing spike rearrangement and membrane fusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma from individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its rapid development and approval timeline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NiRAN shares significant similarities with human enzymes, potentially leading to off-target effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as an NTP analogue, causing premature termination of viral RNA synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causing mutagenic incorporation during viral RNA replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of antiviral resistance through mutations in viral lineages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>85% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein subunit vaccines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the spike protein from transitioning to the post-fusion conformation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their production process can be rapidly adapted to target new variants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ivermectin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Faster approval due to completed safety studies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoclonal antibodies like Siltuximab (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic modification therapies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophylactic antibiotic use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive immunization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lopinavir/Ritonavir (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing novel antiviral drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It binds to soluble IL-6, reducing inflammation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rapid mutation of the spike protein can lead to strain-dependent resistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It targets the viral protease NSP5, essential for polyprotein processing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can block ACE2 binding or prevent spike rearrangement needed for membrane fusion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Strategies to protect against virus infection like hygiene and vaccination.

Measures like masks and distancing to avoid infection before it occurs.

Using existing antiviral drugs for COVID-19 treatment.

Lab-made proteins that mimic immune response to viruses like COVID-19.

An overreaction of the immune system leading to severe inflammation and damage.

Biological preparations that provide immunity against viral infections.

Substances from nature, like resveratrol, that may help fight infections.

Therapies designed to support patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome due to COVID-19.

A medication that binds soluble IL-6 to reduce inflammation.

Medications that target specific stages in the SARS-CoV-2 viral lifecycle to inhibit infection.

Antibodies that bind to the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein, blocking viral entry.

Antibodies that block binding between spike protein and ACE2 receptor.

A cysteine protease that releases N-terminal NSP proteins in the viral lifecycle.

An antiviral treatment for COVID-19 developed from research on SARS-CoV from 2003.

The process where the main protease (Mpro) forms dimers to become active for viral polypeptide processing.

Enzymatic activities in the virus that can be targeted for antiviral development.

A viral polymerase protein with NiRAN and RdRp enzymatic domains.

The region of NSP12 responsible for RNA synthesis and replication.

An antiviral drug that acts as a prodrug for RNA viruses, originally developed for RSV and Ebola.

An antiviral that causes mutagenic changes in viral RNA, approved in the UK for COVID-19.

Approximately 90.5% of the UK population has received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose.

Vaccines like Pfizer and Moderna that use messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce viral proteins.

Vaccines that use a harmless virus to deliver genetic material, such as ChAdOx and Janssen.

Vaccines like Novavax that contain harmless pieces of the virus, promoting an immune response without viral material.

Vaccination strategies to produce an immune response in individuals.

Using antibodies from another source to provide immediate protection.

Treating severe inflammation due to an overactive immune response.

Substances that enhance the immune system's response.

Agents that prevent viruses from entering host cells.

Treatments that provide care while healing occurs, like corticosteroids.

Using malaria drugs like chloroquine for COVID-19 treatment.

Medications that inhibit virus replication through various mechanisms.

Plasma harvested from recovered patients to treat current infections.

Antibodies that prevent viral entry by altering spike protein conformation.

Main protease of SARS-CoV-2 that digests viral polyproteins.

The action of breaking down viral polyproteins into functional proteins.

The process where Mpro protease forms pairs to become active.

Strategies aimed at interrupting the viral entry process via spike protein.

An enzymatic domain of NSP12, resembles human enzymes, making it a tough target for drug development.

Nucleotide triphosphate analogues that cause premature termination and mutagenesis in RNA synthesis.

A prodrug activated in the body that inhibits viral RNA synthesis by mimicking nucleotides.

An antiviral that introduces mutagenic changes during viral RNA replication, affecting new viral strains.

As of January 2024, about 90.5% of the UK population has received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose.

mRNA vaccines can be quickly modified to address emerging strains of viruses like SARS-CoV-2.

Vaccines made from viruses that have been killed or inactivated, similar technology to flu vaccines.