COVID-19 Treatment with Remdesivir and Paxlovid

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Questions and Answers

What is the age range for which Remdesivir is approved for the treatment of COVID-19?

Adults and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older (correct)

Pediatric patients 5 years of age and younger

Adults and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older

Adults and pediatric patients 18 years of age and older

What is the typical incubation period of Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)?

2-4 weeks

1-3 weeks (correct)

1-2 months

1-7 days

What is the primary treatment approach for Fifth Disease?

Symptomatic treatment (correct)

Vaccination

Surgery

Antiviral medication

What is the role of specific IgG antibodies in Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)?

They appear about 15 days postinfection Signup and view all the answers

What is the current status of vaccine development against human parvovirus?

There is no vaccine against human parvovirus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way to prevent the spread of B19 Parvovirus?

Practicing good hygienic practices Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of the rash in Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)?

2-4 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Herpes labialis?

Crops of vesicles, usually at the mucocutaneous junction of the lips or nose Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment of choice for HSV-1?

Acyclovir Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period of Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)?

14-18 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis and African Burkitt’s Lymphomas?

EBV Signup and view all the answers

How is EBV typically cultured?

In lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from B lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What appears in the nucleus prior to virus directed protein synthesis in EBV infection?

EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs) Signup and view all the answers

How is EBV typically acquired?

Through contact with an infected individual Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which the virus reaches the brain?

By infecting small blood vessels of the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hemagglutinin in influenza viruses?

It helps in the entry of the virus into the host cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of RNA found in influenza viruses?

ssRNA, negative sense Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neuraminidase in influenza viruses?

It is involved in the release of the virus from the host cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of replication of influenza viruses?

Endothelial cells of capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals is a reservoir for Japanese B encephalitis?

Birds Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Zanamivir/Oseltamivir in the treatment of influenza?

To prevent the replication of the virus Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of human tumors worldwide are caused by viruses?

15% Signup and view all the answers

Which HA serotype is found in birds, horses, and pigs?

HA3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of antigenic shift?

An abrupt change in antigenicity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a host for the HA7 serotype?

Humans Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of antigenic drift?

A minor change in antigenicity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cancers has a viral cause?

Cervical cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of genetic reassortment with an unrelated strain?

Antigenic shift Signup and view all the answers

Which HA serotype is NOT found in humans?

HA4 Signup and view all the answers

What confers selective advantage over the parental virus in the presence of Ab?

Antigenic variants Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

FDA Approved Medications

Remdesivir approved for treating COVID-19 in hospitalized patients 12 years and older
Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) approved for treating mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients 12 years and older

Human Diseases Associated with B19 Parvovirus

Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)
Joints in hands and knees are most frequently affected
Symptoms include fever, malaise, myalgia, chills, and itching
Incubation period: 1-3 weeks
Specific IgG antibodies appear 15 days postinfection
Treatment is symptomatic, with commercial immunoglobulin preparations containing neutralizing antibodies to human parvovirus
Prevention and control involve good hygienic practices, such as hand washing and not sharing drinks

Herpes Labialis

Characterized by crops of vesicles, usually at the mucocutaneous junction of the lips or nose
Recurrences frequently reappear at the same site
Clinical findings: keratoconjunctivitis and encephalitis
Treatment options:
Acyclovir: shortens duration of lesions and reduces viral shedding
Penciclovir or docosanol: for recurrences of orolabial HSV-1
Valacyclovir and famciclovir: for genital herpes and suppressing recurrences

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

Clinical features of chickenpox (primary infection):
90% of cases occur before age 10, with a peak incidence between 2-8 years
Virus entry through inhalation, replicates in respiratory tract, and invades lymph nodes
Incubation period: 14-18 days

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

Structure: DNA virus, enveloped
Etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis and African Burkitt's Lymphomas
Cultured in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from B lymphocytes of humans and higher primates
EBV can be cultured from saliva, and infection is acquired by contact
Reservoirs include birds, pigs, and monkeys

Pathogenesis

Virus is injected into the capillary circulation through an infected vector bite
Virus comes into contact with susceptible target cells, such as endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages
Replication in endothelial cells and reticuloendothelial cells leads to secondary viremia, infecting target organs like the brain, skin, musculature, and liver

Influenza Virus

Viral structure: ssRNA, negative sense, 7-8 segments, 10 genes, spherical, enveloped
Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are surface glycoproteins
Treatment options:
Zanamivir/Oseltamivir
Adamantanes

Classification

Antigenic differences in internal structural proteins (NP and M) classify influenza viruses into types A, B, and C
Surface glycoproteins (HA and NA) are used to subtype viruses
HA and NA are variable and responsible for immunity to infection
15 subtypes of HA (H1-H15) and 9 subtypes of NA (N1-N9) have been recovered from birds, animals, and humans

Human Cancer Viruses

At least 15% of all human tumors worldwide have a viral cause
Two significant examples worldwide are cervical cancer and liver cancer

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Description

This quiz covers the use of Remdesivir and Paxlovid in treating COVID-19 patients. Learn about the FDA approved antiviral drugs for hospitalized patients and those with mild-to-moderate symptoms.