COVID-19 and Vaccine Prevention
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Questions and Answers

What action should be taken upon suspicion of COVID-19 disease?

Infection control actions should be executed and public health officials visited.

What kind of care does management of COVID-19 primarily consist of?

  • Palliative care (correct)
  • Psychiatric care
  • Surgical care
  • Curative care

    • Facemasks are regularly suggested for asymptomatic cases.

    False

    In general, a methodology proposes to provide solutions - therefore, the same as a _______.

    <p>method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the BCG vaccine primarily used to prevent?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial infections does the DPT vaccine protect against?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The BCG vaccine's effectiveness against tuberculosis is consistent across different populations and settings.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pentavalent vaccine protects against five different diseases: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and ________.

    <p>hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What degree is Dr. Rexon Albert pursuing?

    <p>Master of Business Administration (MBA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dr. Rexon Albert's internship project was part of the MBA program at CMHO.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the number of peer-reviewed studies evaluating interventions peak?

    <p>2011</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Executive Summary, what is the purpose of the systematic review of strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy?

    <p>To identify strategies that have been implemented and evaluated across diverse global contexts to respond to and manage issues of vaccine hesitancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intervention themes were identified in the systematic literature review methodology?

    <p>Multi-component, Dialogue-based, Incentive-based, Reminder/recall-based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Objective 1 focused on identifying published strategies related to vaccine hesitancy and hesitancy of other health technologies such as reproductive health technologies to provide a descriptive analysis of the ________.

    <p>findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common side effects of the pentavalent vaccine?

    <p>Pain, redness, swelling at the injection site, mild fever, and irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral infections does the MR vaccine protect against?

    <p>Measles and rubella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The MR vaccine provides immunity against both measles and rubella infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of polio vaccines: the ______.

    <p>inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and the oral polio vaccine (OPV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the poliovirus types with the components of the polio vaccine:

    <p>Poliovirus type 1 (PV1) = Inactivated poliovirus strains in IPV Poliovirus type 2 (PV2) = Inactivated poliovirus strains in IPV Poliovirus type 3 (PV3) = Inactivated poliovirus strains in IPV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of multiple or double repetitive sampling?

    <p>To verify the reliability of obtained information from the initial sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of multi-stage sampling?

    <p>It provides a good representation of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cluster sampling involves selecting individual members or items in the population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is a sampling method used when samples are selected through non-random methods.

    <p>Non-probability sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sampling techniques with their descriptions:

    <p>Judgment Sampling = Selection of groups based on available information Purposeful Sampling = Selection based on specific variables for control Quota Sampling = Combines judgment and probability by setting quota beforehand Snowball Sampling = Sample size increases as observation progresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main characteristics of a well-prepared research design?

    <p>Specifications of its relationship to each research hypothesis, Description of methods of proposed control, Description of design in statistical terms, Identification of types of interferences that may be made</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of stimuli materials are commonly used in research?

    <p>Printed instructional materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The researcher should specify what raw data are required by the research design and how they will be __________.

    <p>collected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quantitative Research involves qualitative data.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of research with their descriptions:

    <p>Qualitative Research = Information is in the form of qualitative data Experimental or Applied Research = Its utility is limited Survey Research = Deals with present events and is quantitative in nature Case-Study Research = Deals with unusual events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lack of awareness about vaccines result in?

    <p>delayed or missed vaccinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can influence perceptions of vaccines, leading to resistance or reluctance to accept immunization?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ barriers and low health literacy levels pose additional challenges in effectively communicating vaccine-related information to diverse populations.

    <p>Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Addressing lack of awareness-related vaccine hesitancy includes leveraging digital platforms for disseminating accurate information.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors contributing to lack of communication:

    <p>Language barriers = Communication challenges between healthcare providers and diverse linguistic communities Limited health literacy levels = Hindering understanding and comprehension of vaccine-related information Cultural differences = Influencing communication dynamics Misinformation spread = Undermining communication efforts and perpetuating vaccine hesitancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does AEFI stand for?

    <p>Adverse Events Following Immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is a significant contributor to vaccine hesitancy?

    <p>Concerns about vaccine safety, including fear of AEFIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccine safety concerns, including fear of AEFIs, were cited as one of the top reasons for vaccine hesitancy among __________ in various countries.

    <p>parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Media coverage of AEFIs, especially when sensationalized, has a positive impact on vaccine decision-making.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of respondents know about the symptoms of COVID-19?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of respondents had COVID-19 detected in their family member, relatives, or neighbors?

    <p>73%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of respondents know the place where COVID-19 virus was found for the first time?

    <p>83%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of respondents said that exact medicine for COVID-19 was found?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    100% of respondents take measures to avoid COVID-19. (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of respondents take online classes during the pandemic period?

    <p>87%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of students feel convenient to take online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic period?

    <p>63%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of respondents understand the concept during online classes?

    <p>77%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Project Report on Vaccine Hesitancy

    • The project report is a systematic review of strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy to identify effective strategies and evaluate their impact.
    • The report is part of the MBA program at Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune.

    Objectives

    • To identify published strategies related to vaccine hesitancy and hesitancy of other health technologies (reproductive health technologies).
    • To map all evaluated strategies to the SAGE WG "Model of determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy".
    • To evaluate relevant evaluated strategies relating to vaccine hesitancy using GRADE.
    • To synthesise findings in a manner which aids the design of future interventions and further research.

    Literature Review

    • The review included a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed and grey literature on vaccine hesitancy.
    • The review identified few evaluated interventions in the grey literature, with most studies focusing on high-income countries.
    • The review also included a review of strategies used to address hesitancy around reproductive health technologies to seek relevant experiences outside of immunisation.

    Results

    • The review identified 15 PICO questions set out a priori by the SAGE WG, which were used to guide the evaluation of interventions.
    • The results of the review are presented in a descriptive analysis of the findings, including the number of studies identified across the literature that acknowledged interventions relating to hesitancy (vaccines and RHTs), and whether these were evaluated or not.
    • The review found that evaluated interventions were mainly from high-income countries, with few studies from low- and middle-income countries.

    Literature Review on COVID-19 Pandemic

    • The review identified several studies on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education, including the effects on teaching and learning, and the need for alternative educational systems.
    • The studies highlighted the importance of technology in education, particularly online learning, and the need for robust strategies to deal with the post-pandemic era.

    Conclusion

    • The project report provides a comprehensive review of strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education.
    • The review highlights the importance of evaluating interventions and identifying effective strategies to address vaccine hesitancy and improve education outcomes.### Research Methodology
    • Methodology is the study of research methods, comprising theoretical analysis of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge.
    • Methodology varies depending on historical development, creating a continuum of methodologies that stretch across competing understandings of knowledge and reality.
    • Methodology can be visualized as a spectrum from a predominantly quantitative approach to a predominantly qualitative approach.

    Search Methods

    • Peer-reviewed literature search was conducted using Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, Cochrane, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, IBSS, LILACS, and Africa Wide Info.
    • Keywords used in the search included vaccine hesitancy, public trust, perceptions, concerns, confidence, attitudes, beliefs, and vaccination programmes.

    Inclusion Criteria

    • Articles that included research on vaccine hesitancy, public trust, perceptions, concerns, confidence, attitudes, and beliefs about vaccines and vaccination programmes.
    • Keywords included in title or abstract, with focus on evaluating interventions addressing hesitancy.
    • Location: Global, publication years: 2007-2013, vaccine: All vaccines, concerns: All concerns, populations: All, languages: All six UN languages.

    Exclusion Criteria

    • Not about vaccines, non-human vaccines, vaccines not currently available, non-peer reviewed papers.

    BCG Vaccine

    • The BCG vaccine is one of the most widely used vaccines worldwide, with a long history of use dating back to the early 20th century.
    • Efficacy and effectiveness vary widely across different populations and settings, ranging from 0% to 80% protection against TB.
    • Global vaccination coverage: around 90% among newborns, with disparities in coverage across regions and countries.
    • The BCG vaccine has been credited with reducing childhood TB mortality and morbidity, preventing approximately 20% to 30% of TB cases in children.

    DPT Vaccine

    • The DPT vaccine is a combination vaccine that protects against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus.
    • Vaccine components: diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and killed Bordetella pertussis bacteria.
    • Vaccine efficacy and effectiveness: highly effective in preventing diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus when administered according to recommended schedules.
    • Global vaccination coverage: 86% among infants, with disparities in coverage across regions and countries.

    Pentavalent Vaccine

    • The pentavalent vaccine is a combination vaccine that protects against five diseases: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and hepatitis B.
    • Vaccine components: diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, Bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide conjugated to a carrier protein, and hepatitis B surface antigen.
    • Vaccine efficacy and effectiveness: highly effective in preventing diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and hepatitis B infections.
    • Global vaccination coverage: 91% among infants, with high levels of vaccination coverage worldwide.

    MR Vaccine

    • The MR vaccine is a combination vaccine that protects against measles and rubella.
    • Vaccine components: live attenuated viruses for measles and rubella.
    • Vaccine efficacy and effectiveness: highly effective in preventing measles and rubella infections when administered according to recommended schedules.
    • Global vaccination coverage: 86% with the first dose of the measles-containing vaccine, with efforts to increase vaccination coverage and eliminate measles and rubella.

    Polio Vaccine

    • The polio vaccine is a critical tool in the global effort to eradicate polio, a highly infectious viral disease that primarily affects young children.
    • No further information provided on the polio vaccine.### Types of Polio Vaccine
    • There are two main types of polio vaccines:
      • Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV): an injectable vaccine made from inactivated (killed) poliovirus strains, primarily used in countries where wild poliovirus transmission has been interrupted.
      • Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV): an oral vaccine containing live attenuated (weakened) poliovirus strains, used in routine immunization programs and polio eradication campaigns worldwide.

    Polio Vaccine Components

    • Both IPV and OPV protect against all three serotypes of poliovirus:
      • Poliovirus type 1 (PV1)
      • Poliovirus type 2 (PV2)
      • Poliovirus type 3 (PV3)

    Administration of Polio Vaccines

    • IPV is typically administered as a series of doses in infancy and childhood, with booster doses recommended in adolescence and adulthood.
    • OPV is administered as part of routine childhood immunization schedules and supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) during polio eradication campaigns.

    Global Polio Eradication Efforts

    • The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was launched in 1988 as a public-private partnership aimed at eradicating polio worldwide.
    • Since the launch of GPEI, global polio cases have declined by over 99%, from an estimated 350,000 cases in 1988 to just 33 reported cases in 2018.

    Challenges and Strategies

    • Challenges remain in achieving polio eradication, including:
      • Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) outbreaks
      • Gaps in vaccination coverage
      • Access issues in conflict-affected and hard-to-reach areas
    • Strategies to address these challenges include:
      • Strengthening routine immunization programs
      • Conducting mass vaccination campaigns
      • Enhancing surveillance systems to detect and respond to polio outbreaks
      • Addressing community mistrust and vaccine hesitancy

    Role of IPV and OPV

    • Both IPV and OPV play complementary roles in polio eradication efforts:
      • IPV is used to maintain population immunity in countries where wild poliovirus transmission has been interrupted.
      • OPV is used for outbreak response and SIAs in high-risk areas.

    Sampling Methods

    • Simple Random Sampling (SRS):
      • Each element of the population has an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample.
      • Merits: minimum knowledge of population required, free from subjectivity and personal error, provides appropriate data.
      • Demerits: cannot ensure representativeness, does not use knowledge about population.

    Systematic Sampling

    • An improvement over SRS.
    • Merits: simple method, reduces field cost, inferential statistics may be used, sample may be comprehensive and representative.
    • Demerits: not free from error, subjectivity in list creation, knowledge of population is essential.

    Stratified Sampling

    • Divides the population into strata based on some characteristics and draws a random sample from each stratum.
    • Types: Disproportionate, Proportionate, Optimum Allocation.
    • Merits: representative of the population, improvement over earlier methods, objective method.
    • Demerits: difficult to decide on the relevant criterion, only one criterion can be used, costly and time-consuming.

    Multi-Stage Sampling

    • Selects primary sample units that are inclusive groups, and secondary units that are sub-groups within these units.
    • Merits: comprehensive and representative of the population, improvement over earlier methods, objective procedure.
    • Demerits: difficult and complex, errors in primary stages, subjective technique.

    Cluster Sampling

    • Selects intact groups as a whole, rather than individual members.
    • Merits: easy method, economical, practicable, and highly applicable in education.
    • Demerits: not free from errors, not comprehensive.

    Non-Probability Sampling Methods

    • Incidental or Accidental Sampling: selects samples because they are readily available.
      • Merits: easy, economical, frequently used.
      • Demerits: not representative, not free from errors, parametric statistics cannot be used.
    • Judgment Sampling: selects samples based on available information.
      • Merits: uses knowledge of investigator, economical, better control of significant variables.
      • Demerits: reliability of criterion is questionable, knowledge of population is essential, errors in classifying sampling subjects.
    • Purposive Sampling: selects samples based on judgment or assumption.
      • Merits: improvement over judgment sampling, easy sampling technique.
      • Demerits: not representative, not free from errors, influence of regional and social factors.
    • Snowball Sampling: selects samples that go on increasing as the study proceeds.
      • Merit: can be converted into probabilistic sampling.
      • Demerit: sampling errors may creep in.

    Statement of Hypotheses

    • A research hypothesis states what is expected to occur if various conditions are evoked or presumed.
    • Should be presented in an affirmative form, rather than interrogative.
    • Should be unambiguous, testable, and clearly defined.

    Formulation of Testable and Significant Hypotheses

    • Criteria:
      • Clearly stated in operational terms.
      • Specific and testable.
      • Research problems should be selected which are directly related to previous research or theoretical formulations.

    Research Procedures

    • Target Population: the universe of the study, should be thoroughly described.
    • Sampling Plan: should specify the method of sampling, and ensure the sample is representative of the population.
    • Research Design: should indicate how the research setting will be arranged to yield the desired data with minimum contamination/error.

    Please let me know if you need me to add or clarify anything.

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