Ionic Bonding

Coulomb's Law

• Explains the attractive or repulsive energy between two charged particles.
• Positive energy signifies repulsion, while negative energy represents attraction.
• The energy is directly proportional to the product of the charges and indirectly proportional to the distance between them.

Chemical Bonding

• Bonds are formed by atoms or ions joining together.
• Ionic bonding involves ions joining together.
• Covalent bonding involves neutral atoms joining together.

Achieving Chemical Stability

• Group 8A or 18 elements (Noble gases) are chemically stable due to their full outer shell (s2p6 configuration).
• Elements react to gain or lose electrons until they have a full outer shell, usually an octet (8 electrons).
• This is known as the Octet Rule.

Formation of NaCl

• Sodium (Na) has one electron in its valence shell, losing it results in a full n=2 shell and a +1 charge (Na+). It becomes isoelectronic with Neon.
• Chlorine (Cl) has 7 electrons in its valence shell, gaining one electron results in a full n=3 shell and a -1 charge (Cl-). It becomes isoelectronic with Argon.
• Sodium transfers its extra electron to Chlorine, forming an ionic bond.

Ionic Bond - NaCl

• Ionic bonds are formed by the force of attraction between positive and negative ions.
• Sodium and Chlorine ions form a crystal lattice structure as the compound NaCl (salt).
• The key to ionic bonding is the transfer of electrons.

Ionic Bond - MgO

• Magnesium (Mg) has two electrons in its valence shell, losing them results in a full n=2 shell and a +2 charge (Mg2+). It becomes isoelectronic with Neon.
• Oxygen (O) has 6 electrons in its valence shell, gaining two electrons results in a full n=2 shell and a -2 charge (O2-). It becomes isoelectronic with Neon.
• Magnesium transfers two electrons to Oxygen, forming an ionic bond.

Ionic Bond - MgCl2

• Magnesium (Mg) has two electrons in its valence shell, losing them results in a full n=2 shell and a +2 charge (Mg2+). It becomes isoelectronic with Neon.
• Chlorine (Cl) has 7 electrons in its valence shell, gaining one electron results in a full n=3 shell and a -1 charge (Cl-). It becomes isoelectronic with Argon.
• Magnesium transfers one electron to each of the two Chlorine atoms, forming an ionic bond.

Crystal Lattice

• An alternating arrangement of positive and negative ions in three dimensions.
• Forms a solid crystal, like salt.
• Water solutions of ionic crystals conduct electricity.

Lattice Energy and Coulomb's Law

• The strength of ionic bonds depends on Coulomb's Law: Q₁Q₂/d₁₂
• Lattice energy is the attractive energy between two ions.
• Larger charges and smaller distances between ions result in stronger attractions and higher lattice energies.

Summary

• Coulomb's Law explains the attractive and repulsive forces between charged particles.
• Ionic bonding occurs through the transfer of electrons, forming cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions).
• Ionic compounds often form crystal lattices.
• Lattice energy is influenced by the charges and distances between ions, as described by Coulomb's Law.

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of Coulomb's Law, chemical bonding, and the Octet Rule. You'll explore how charged particles interact, the types of chemical bonds, and how elements achieve stability. Test your understanding of ionic compounds like NaCl as well.