10 Questions
What is the nature of the bond between atoms related to?
The distance between them and their charges
How do atoms achieve their lowest energy state?
By balancing attractive and repulsive forces
What force is responsible for the attraction between electrons and protons in atoms?
Electrostatic force
What is the normal charge on a sodium ion?
+1
What is the length of a stable NaCl bond?
0.276 nm
What does the negative energy value (-8.37 × 10^(-19) J) in the NaCl bond represent?
A decrease in the energy of the system due to an attractive force
What kind of bond is formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal?
Ionic bond
What is the ideal distance between two nuclei at the point of minimum energy called?
Bond length
What type of bond is formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
Ionic bond
What creates a polarity when atoms in a covalent bond have different values of electronegativity?
Polar covalent bond
Study Notes
Chemical Bonding: Covalent and Ionic Bonds
- Atoms are attracted to each other, and this attraction causes stress, leading them to get closer to relieve it
- The ideal distance between two nuclei at the point of minimum energy is called bond length
- Bond length of Cl2 (chlorine gas) is 0.00199 nanometers, with an energy minimum of -239 kJ/mol
- Covalent bonds are formed by atoms sharing electrons, and the strength of an atom holding shared electrons is called electronegativity
- When atoms in a covalent bond have different electronegativities, it creates a polarity, forming a polar covalent bond
- When a covalent bond forms between identical atoms, it creates a non-polar covalent bond
- Covalent bonds tend to form from non-metals and metalloids, as they are more likely to share electrons
- Metals tend to form ionic bonds, as they have loosely-held outer electron shells, leading to the formation of positive ions
- Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, and Coulomb's law can be used to calculate the energy between ions
- Coulomb's law for ionic bonds states that the energy between two ions is the product of their charges divided by the distance between their nuclei, multiplied by a constant
- The bond between sodium and chlorine in sodium chloride (table salt) can be used to illustrate Coulomb's law
- Covalent bonds are important in the formation of various chemicals and are formed by non-metals and metalloids, while ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms
Test your knowledge of chemical bonding with this quiz on covalent and ionic bonds. Explore concepts such as bond length, electronegativity, polarity, and Coulomb's law, and learn about the formation of covalent bonds between non-metals and metalloids, and ionic bonds involving the transfer of electrons.
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