82 Questions
What is the role of the 'STOP TRANSFER' anchor sequence in membrane protein incorporation?
Disrupts translocation and localizes protein into the membrane
Where are the stretch of positively charged residues typically positioned in membrane proteins?
On the outside face of the ER membrane
Which process ensures that a protein's N-terminus is located outside the ER membrane?
Co-translational translocation
How can bioinformatics tools aid in predicting membrane protein localization?
Using hydropathy profiles to predict membrane proteins
Which feature of signal peptides and anchor sequences aids in predicting membrane protein localization?
'STOP TRANSFER' anchor sequence being hydrophobic
Where does co-translational translocation occur to localize a protein in the ER membrane?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What is the function of the ER signal sequence in proteins that go through the secretory pathway?
Contain hydrophobic residues for recognition by the SRP
What is the role of the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) in cotranslational translocation?
Stop translation and recruit the complex to the ER
What do both the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) and SRP receptor undergo to obtain energy required for translocation?
Conformational changes
How is recruitment to the ER achieved during cotranslational translocation?
Recognition of the SRP receptor by the SRP
What releases enough energy to open the translocon and resume translation during cotranslational translocation?
Cleavage of GTP
Where does the Signal Peptidase function during cotranslational translocation?
ER lumen
Where does localization occur when there is no signal sequence present?
Cytoplasm
What is the consequence of having an ER signal sequence in a protein?
Localization to the endoplasmic reticulum
Which organelle does a protein get localized to if it has a peroxisomal signal sequence?
Peroxisome
In which organelle does localization occur before protein folding is completed?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What is the role of SRP (Signal Recognition Particle) in protein sorting?
Binding to ER signal sequences and halting translation
Which component is responsible for the translocation of a protein across the ER membrane?
Translocon
Proteins need to be localized in the proper place to perform their ______
function
Proteins can be localized to specific organelles or secreted outside cells to regulate protein ______
function
Localization in ER, Peroxisome, and Mitochondria occurs __________ to protein folding
previous
The Secretory Pathway is designed to secrete proteins, localize proteins to the plasma membrane, and add polysaccharides to proteins, among other functions, including sending proteins to the ______
lysosome
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is composed of ribosomes attached to the membrane and translating proteins into the ______
ER
Protein transport to the Golgi, Lysosome, or exterior cell surface occurs through budding and fusing of ______
vesicles
Proteins entering the secretory pathway are translocated into the ER at the same time that they are being ______
translated
Proteins that should go through the secretory pathway have a portion of their sequence called the 'ER ______'
signal
The ER signal is composed of 6-12 ______ residues, typically located in the N-terminus of the protein
hydrophobic
Cotranslational translocation (Signal Recognition Particle) recognizes the ER signal sequence, stop translation and recruit the whole complex to the ______
ER
Both SRP and SRP receptor are weak GTPases but when bound to each other they undergo some conformational changes that allows them to cleave GTP and obtain energy required for ______
translocation
As the nascent protein enters the ER lumen, the signal peptidase will recognize and remove the ______
signal
______ proteins get incorporated into membranes through a 'STOP TRANSFER' anchor sequence.
Membrane
In addition to the stop transfer anchor sequence, membrane proteins have a stretch of positively charged residues that block ______.
translocation
Proteins whose N-terminus has to be located outside the ER membrane use an anchor sequence and a stretch of positively charged residues to position the protein ______.
properly
Bioinformatics tools can be used to predict whether a protein will be part of the membrane based on knowledge of signal peptides and anchor ______.
sequence
Hydropathy profiles can assist in predicting the localization of a ______ protein.
membrane
To get a membrane protein in the plasma membrane, localize the protein in the ER membrane through ______ translocation.
co-translational
Vesicle formation and fusion will bring it to the Golgi and from the Golgi it will be transported to the plasma membrane by ______
vesicles
Localize protein in ER membrane by ______ translocation
co-translational
You have found a protein domain that binds a virus. If you could put that protein domain in the surface of cells it would compete with the natural surface receptor of the virus and prevent its incorporation inside cells. Design a strategy to express this domain in the ______ membrane
plasma
Why proteins in the secretory pathway pass through such intricate network of membrane ______
organelles
What is the consequence of having an ER signal sequence in a ______?
protein
Disulfide bonds are formed only in the ER where a series of oxidant factors catalyzes the ______
reaction
Proteins in the ER undergo proper folding and maturation, which includes glycosylation, formation of disulfide bond, proper folding, assembly of multiple subunits, and proteolytic cleavage of sequences. Glycosylation is very important for proper function, especially for ______ proteins
membrane
Usually, disulfide bond formation is only present in proteins to be secreted or to be placed in the plasma membrane facing the ______
exterior
The cytoplasm is reducing and the reaction requires an ______.
oxidant
Glycosylation involves the addition of complicated branched ______
polysaccharides
The reason disulfide bonds are formed only in the ER is that the cytoplasm is ______
reducing
______ translocation is used to localize protein in the ER membrane
Cotranslational
Both SRP and SRP receptor cleave GTP to obtain energy required for ______
translocation
Hydropathy profiles can assist in predicting the localization of a ______ protein
membrane
In addition to the stop transfer anchor sequence, membrane proteins have a stretch of positively charged residues that block ______
translocation
To get a membrane protein in the plasma membrane, localize the protein in the ER membrane through ______ translocation
cotranslational
Where are the stretch of positively charged residues typically positioned in membrane proteins?
outside
To get a membrane protein in the plasma membrane, localize the protein in the ER membrane through ______ translocation.
co-translational
Cotranslational translocation (Signal Recognition Particle) recognizes the ER signal sequence, stop translation and recruit the whole complex to the ______.
ER
Both SRP and SRP receptor are weak GTPases but when bound to each other they undergo some conformational changes that allows them to cleave GTP and obtain energy required for ______.
translocation
What do both the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) and SRP receptor undergo to obtain energy required for translocation?
GTP cleavage
In addition to the stop transfer anchor sequence, membrane proteins have a stretch of positively charged residues that block ______.
translocation
Cotranslational translocation (Signal Recognition Particle) Recognizes the ER signal sequence, stop translation and recruit the whole complex to the ER. The interaction between SRP and ER signal sequence is achieved by ______ interaction.
hydrophobic
Both SRP and SRP receptor are weak GTPases but when bound to each other they undergo some conformational changes that allows them to cleave GTP and obtain energy required for ______.
translocation
Cleavage of GTP releases enough energy to open the translocon and resume ______.
translation
As the nascent protein enters the ER lumen, the signal peptidase will recognize and remove the ______.
signal
Localization in ER, Peroxisome, and Mitochondria occurs ______ to protein folding.
prior
To get a membrane protein in the plasma membrane, localize the protein in the ER membrane through ______ translocation.
cotranslational
Which enzymatic activity is responsible for unwinding the parental DNA strands during DNA replication?
Topoisomerase
What is the function of the pre-Replication complex in DNA replication?
Recruiting the DNA replication machinery
What is the function of the clamp loader in DNA replication?
Opens the PCNA ring to load onto DNA
Why does DNA synthesis always proceed in the 5′→3′ direction?
To facilitate the formation of phosphodiester bonds
Which enzyme synthesizes short RNA primers during DNA replication?
Primase
What is the function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
Polymerizing nucleotides
What is the role of DNA polymerase in chain growth during DNA replication?
Adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand
Which complex ensures continuous replication on the leading strand during DNA replication?
Pol ε-PCNA-Rfc
What is the role of DNA polymerase δ in the lagging strand synthesis?
Polymerizes the lagging strand
What is the main difference between the leading and lagging strands in DNA replication?
The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously.
Which component synthesizes short DNA fragments to add to the RNA primer?
DNA polymerase-α
Where does DNA polymerase get the energy required for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?
Hydrolysis of ATP
Why can't DNA polymerases initiate chain synthesis de novo?
Absence of a preexisting primer
Which enzyme is involved in forming the RNA primers essential for DNA polymerases during DNA replication?
Primase
What is the function of ribonucleases in DNA replication?
Remove the RNA primer from the synthesized strand
Which direction does DNA synthesis occur, and why is this direction crucial for chain growth?
5' to 3'; allows formation of phosphodiester bonds
What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
Ligating different DNA strands
In DNA replication, what is the function of DNA ligases?
Join Okazaki fragments together
Learn about cotranslational localization, where proteins are translocated into the ER while being translated, and how cells determine which proteins should enter the secretory pathway based on the presence of an 'ER signal'.
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