Cotranslational Localization in Protein Synthesis

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What is the role of the 'STOP TRANSFER' anchor sequence in membrane protein incorporation?

Promotes protein folding inside the ER

Facilitates translocation across the membrane

Disrupts translocation and localizes protein into the membrane (correct)

Aids in vesicle transport within the cell

Where are the stretch of positively charged residues typically positioned in membrane proteins?

Inside the ER membrane

Block translocation and remain within the cytosol

On the outside face of the ER membrane (correct)

Embedded within the translocon channel

Which process ensures that a protein's N-terminus is located outside the ER membrane?

Co-translational translocation (correct)

Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)

Vesicle-mediated transport

Post-translational translocation

How can bioinformatics tools aid in predicting membrane protein localization?

Using hydropathy profiles to predict membrane proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of signal peptides and anchor sequences aids in predicting membrane protein localization?

'STOP TRANSFER' anchor sequence being hydrophobic Signup and view all the answers

Where does co-translational translocation occur to localize a protein in the ER membrane?

Endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ER signal sequence in proteins that go through the secretory pathway?

Contain hydrophobic residues for recognition by the SRP Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) in cotranslational translocation?

Stop translation and recruit the complex to the ER Signup and view all the answers

What do both the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) and SRP receptor undergo to obtain energy required for translocation?

Conformational changes Signup and view all the answers

How is recruitment to the ER achieved during cotranslational translocation?

Recognition of the SRP receptor by the SRP Signup and view all the answers

What releases enough energy to open the translocon and resume translation during cotranslational translocation?

Cleavage of GTP Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Signal Peptidase function during cotranslational translocation?

ER lumen Signup and view all the answers

Where does localization occur when there is no signal sequence present?

Cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of having an ER signal sequence in a protein?

Localization to the endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle does a protein get localized to if it has a peroxisomal signal sequence?

Peroxisome Signup and view all the answers

In which organelle does localization occur before protein folding is completed?

Endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of SRP (Signal Recognition Particle) in protein sorting?

Binding to ER signal sequences and halting translation Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for the translocation of a protein across the ER membrane?

Translocon Signup and view all the answers

Proteins need to be localized in the proper place to perform their ______

function Signup and view all the answers

Proteins can be localized to specific organelles or secreted outside cells to regulate protein ______

function Signup and view all the answers

Localization in ER, Peroxisome, and Mitochondria occurs __________ to protein folding

previous Signup and view all the answers

The Secretory Pathway is designed to secrete proteins, localize proteins to the plasma membrane, and add polysaccharides to proteins, among other functions, including sending proteins to the ______

lysosome Signup and view all the answers

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is composed of ribosomes attached to the membrane and translating proteins into the ______

ER Signup and view all the answers

Protein transport to the Golgi, Lysosome, or exterior cell surface occurs through budding and fusing of ______

vesicles Signup and view all the answers

Proteins entering the secretory pathway are translocated into the ER at the same time that they are being ______

translated Signup and view all the answers

Proteins that should go through the secretory pathway have a portion of their sequence called the 'ER ______'

signal Signup and view all the answers

The ER signal is composed of 6-12 ______ residues, typically located in the N-terminus of the protein

hydrophobic Signup and view all the answers

Cotranslational translocation (Signal Recognition Particle) recognizes the ER signal sequence, stop translation and recruit the whole complex to the ______

ER Signup and view all the answers

Both SRP and SRP receptor are weak GTPases but when bound to each other they undergo some conformational changes that allows them to cleave GTP and obtain energy required for ______

translocation Signup and view all the answers

As the nascent protein enters the ER lumen, the signal peptidase will recognize and remove the ______

signal Signup and view all the answers

______ proteins get incorporated into membranes through a 'STOP TRANSFER' anchor sequence.

Membrane Signup and view all the answers

In addition to the stop transfer anchor sequence, membrane proteins have a stretch of positively charged residues that block ______.

translocation Signup and view all the answers

Proteins whose N-terminus has to be located outside the ER membrane use an anchor sequence and a stretch of positively charged residues to position the protein ______.

properly Signup and view all the answers

Bioinformatics tools can be used to predict whether a protein will be part of the membrane based on knowledge of signal peptides and anchor ______.

sequence Signup and view all the answers

Hydropathy profiles can assist in predicting the localization of a ______ protein.

membrane Signup and view all the answers

To get a membrane protein in the plasma membrane, localize the protein in the ER membrane through ______ translocation.

co-translational Signup and view all the answers

Vesicle formation and fusion will bring it to the Golgi and from the Golgi it will be transported to the plasma membrane by ______

vesicles Signup and view all the answers

Localize protein in ER membrane by ______ translocation

co-translational Signup and view all the answers

You have found a protein domain that binds a virus. If you could put that protein domain in the surface of cells it would compete with the natural surface receptor of the virus and prevent its incorporation inside cells. Design a strategy to express this domain in the ______ membrane

plasma Signup and view all the answers

Why proteins in the secretory pathway pass through such intricate network of membrane ______

organelles Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of having an ER signal sequence in a ______?

protein Signup and view all the answers

Disulfide bonds are formed only in the ER where a series of oxidant factors catalyzes the ______

reaction Signup and view all the answers

Proteins in the ER undergo proper folding and maturation, which includes glycosylation, formation of disulfide bond, proper folding, assembly of multiple subunits, and proteolytic cleavage of sequences. Glycosylation is very important for proper function, especially for ______ proteins

membrane Signup and view all the answers

Usually, disulfide bond formation is only present in proteins to be secreted or to be placed in the plasma membrane facing the ______

exterior Signup and view all the answers

The cytoplasm is reducing and the reaction requires an ______.

oxidant Signup and view all the answers

Glycosylation involves the addition of complicated branched ______

polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

The reason disulfide bonds are formed only in the ER is that the cytoplasm is ______

reducing Signup and view all the answers

______ translocation is used to localize protein in the ER membrane

Cotranslational Signup and view all the answers

Both SRP and SRP receptor cleave GTP to obtain energy required for ______

translocation Signup and view all the answers

Hydropathy profiles can assist in predicting the localization of a ______ protein

membrane Signup and view all the answers

In addition to the stop transfer anchor sequence, membrane proteins have a stretch of positively charged residues that block ______

translocation Signup and view all the answers

To get a membrane protein in the plasma membrane, localize the protein in the ER membrane through ______ translocation

cotranslational Signup and view all the answers

Where are the stretch of positively charged residues typically positioned in membrane proteins?

outside Signup and view all the answers

To get a membrane protein in the plasma membrane, localize the protein in the ER membrane through ______ translocation.

co-translational Signup and view all the answers

Cotranslational translocation (Signal Recognition Particle) recognizes the ER signal sequence, stop translation and recruit the whole complex to the ______.

ER Signup and view all the answers

Both SRP and SRP receptor are weak GTPases but when bound to each other they undergo some conformational changes that allows them to cleave GTP and obtain energy required for ______.

translocation Signup and view all the answers

What do both the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) and SRP receptor undergo to obtain energy required for translocation?

GTP cleavage Signup and view all the answers

In addition to the stop transfer anchor sequence, membrane proteins have a stretch of positively charged residues that block ______.

translocation Signup and view all the answers

Cotranslational translocation (Signal Recognition Particle) Recognizes the ER signal sequence, stop translation and recruit the whole complex to the ER. The interaction between SRP and ER signal sequence is achieved by ______ interaction.

hydrophobic Signup and view all the answers

Both SRP and SRP receptor are weak GTPases but when bound to each other they undergo some conformational changes that allows them to cleave GTP and obtain energy required for ______.

translocation Signup and view all the answers

Cleavage of GTP releases enough energy to open the translocon and resume ______.

translation Signup and view all the answers

As the nascent protein enters the ER lumen, the signal peptidase will recognize and remove the ______.

signal Signup and view all the answers

Localization in ER, Peroxisome, and Mitochondria occurs ______ to protein folding.

prior Signup and view all the answers

To get a membrane protein in the plasma membrane, localize the protein in the ER membrane through ______ translocation.

cotranslational Signup and view all the answers

Which enzymatic activity is responsible for unwinding the parental DNA strands during DNA replication?

Topoisomerase Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pre-Replication complex in DNA replication?

Recruiting the DNA replication machinery Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the clamp loader in DNA replication?

Opens the PCNA ring to load onto DNA Signup and view all the answers

Why does DNA synthesis always proceed in the 5′→3′ direction?

To facilitate the formation of phosphodiester bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme synthesizes short RNA primers during DNA replication?

Primase Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

Polymerizing nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA polymerase in chain growth during DNA replication?

Adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand Signup and view all the answers

Which complex ensures continuous replication on the leading strand during DNA replication?

Pol ε-PCNA-Rfc Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA polymerase δ in the lagging strand synthesis?

Polymerizes the lagging strand Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the leading and lagging strands in DNA replication?

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. Signup and view all the answers

Which component synthesizes short DNA fragments to add to the RNA primer?

DNA polymerase-α Signup and view all the answers

Where does DNA polymerase get the energy required for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

Hydrolysis of ATP Signup and view all the answers

Why can't DNA polymerases initiate chain synthesis de novo?

Absence of a preexisting primer Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is involved in forming the RNA primers essential for DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

Primase Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribonucleases in DNA replication?

Remove the RNA primer from the synthesized strand Signup and view all the answers

Which direction does DNA synthesis occur, and why is this direction crucial for chain growth?

5' to 3'; allows formation of phosphodiester bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

Ligating different DNA strands Signup and view all the answers

In DNA replication, what is the function of DNA ligases?

Join Okazaki fragments together Signup and view all the answers

Cotranslational Localization in Protein Synthesis

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the 'STOP TRANSFER' anchor sequence in membrane protein incorporation?

Where are the stretch of positively charged residues typically positioned in membrane proteins?

Which process ensures that a protein's N-terminus is located outside the ER membrane?

How can bioinformatics tools aid in predicting membrane protein localization?

Which feature of signal peptides and anchor sequences aids in predicting membrane protein localization?

Where does co-translational translocation occur to localize a protein in the ER membrane?

What is the function of the ER signal sequence in proteins that go through the secretory pathway?

What is the role of the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) in cotranslational translocation?

What do both the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) and SRP receptor undergo to obtain energy required for translocation?

How is recruitment to the ER achieved during cotranslational translocation?

What releases enough energy to open the translocon and resume translation during cotranslational translocation?

Where does the Signal Peptidase function during cotranslational translocation?

Where does localization occur when there is no signal sequence present?

What is the consequence of having an ER signal sequence in a protein?

Which organelle does a protein get localized to if it has a peroxisomal signal sequence?

In which organelle does localization occur before protein folding is completed?

What is the role of SRP (Signal Recognition Particle) in protein sorting?

Which component is responsible for the translocation of a protein across the ER membrane?

Proteins need to be localized in the proper place to perform their ______

Proteins can be localized to specific organelles or secreted outside cells to regulate protein ______

Localization in ER, Peroxisome, and Mitochondria occurs __________ to protein folding

The Secretory Pathway is designed to secrete proteins, localize proteins to the plasma membrane, and add polysaccharides to proteins, among other functions, including sending proteins to the ______

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is composed of ribosomes attached to the membrane and translating proteins into the ______

Protein transport to the Golgi, Lysosome, or exterior cell surface occurs through budding and fusing of ______

Proteins entering the secretory pathway are translocated into the ER at the same time that they are being ______

Proteins that should go through the secretory pathway have a portion of their sequence called the 'ER ______'

The ER signal is composed of 6-12 ______ residues, typically located in the N-terminus of the protein

Cotranslational translocation (Signal Recognition Particle) recognizes the ER signal sequence, stop translation and recruit the whole complex to the ______

Both SRP and SRP receptor are weak GTPases but when bound to each other they undergo some conformational changes that allows them to cleave GTP and obtain energy required for ______

As the nascent protein enters the ER lumen, the signal peptidase will recognize and remove the ______

______ proteins get incorporated into membranes through a 'STOP TRANSFER' anchor sequence.

In addition to the stop transfer anchor sequence, membrane proteins have a stretch of positively charged residues that block ______.

Proteins whose N-terminus has to be located outside the ER membrane use an anchor sequence and a stretch of positively charged residues to position the protein ______.

Bioinformatics tools can be used to predict whether a protein will be part of the membrane based on knowledge of signal peptides and anchor ______.

Hydropathy profiles can assist in predicting the localization of a ______ protein.

To get a membrane protein in the plasma membrane, localize the protein in the ER membrane through ______ translocation.

Vesicle formation and fusion will bring it to the Golgi and from the Golgi it will be transported to the plasma membrane by ______

Localize protein in ER membrane by ______ translocation

You have found a protein domain that binds a virus. If you could put that protein domain in the surface of cells it would compete with the natural surface receptor of the virus and prevent its incorporation inside cells. Design a strategy to express this domain in the ______ membrane

Why proteins in the secretory pathway pass through such intricate network of membrane ______

What is the consequence of having an ER signal sequence in a ______?

Disulfide bonds are formed only in the ER where a series of oxidant factors catalyzes the ______

Proteins in the ER undergo proper folding and maturation, which includes glycosylation, formation of disulfide bond, proper folding, assembly of multiple subunits, and proteolytic cleavage of sequences. Glycosylation is very important for proper function, especially for ______ proteins

Usually, disulfide bond formation is only present in proteins to be secreted or to be placed in the plasma membrane facing the ______

The cytoplasm is reducing and the reaction requires an ______.

Glycosylation involves the addition of complicated branched ______

The reason disulfide bonds are formed only in the ER is that the cytoplasm is ______

______ translocation is used to localize protein in the ER membrane

Both SRP and SRP receptor cleave GTP to obtain energy required for ______

Hydropathy profiles can assist in predicting the localization of a ______ protein

In addition to the stop transfer anchor sequence, membrane proteins have a stretch of positively charged residues that block ______

To get a membrane protein in the plasma membrane, localize the protein in the ER membrane through ______ translocation

Where are the stretch of positively charged residues typically positioned in membrane proteins?

To get a membrane protein in the plasma membrane, localize the protein in the ER membrane through ______ translocation.

Cotranslational translocation (Signal Recognition Particle) recognizes the ER signal sequence, stop translation and recruit the whole complex to the ______.

Both SRP and SRP receptor are weak GTPases but when bound to each other they undergo some conformational changes that allows them to cleave GTP and obtain energy required for ______.

What do both the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) and SRP receptor undergo to obtain energy required for translocation?

In addition to the stop transfer anchor sequence, membrane proteins have a stretch of positively charged residues that block ______.

Cotranslational translocation (Signal Recognition Particle) Recognizes the ER signal sequence, stop translation and recruit the whole complex to the ER. The interaction between SRP and ER signal sequence is achieved by ______ interaction.

Both SRP and SRP receptor are weak GTPases but when bound to each other they undergo some conformational changes that allows them to cleave GTP and obtain energy required for ______.

Cleavage of GTP releases enough energy to open the translocon and resume ______.

As the nascent protein enters the ER lumen, the signal peptidase will recognize and remove the ______.

Localization in ER, Peroxisome, and Mitochondria occurs ______ to protein folding.

To get a membrane protein in the plasma membrane, localize the protein in the ER membrane through ______ translocation.

Which enzymatic activity is responsible for unwinding the parental DNA strands during DNA replication?

What is the function of the pre-Replication complex in DNA replication?

What is the function of the clamp loader in DNA replication?

Why does DNA synthesis always proceed in the 5′→3′ direction?

Which enzyme synthesizes short RNA primers during DNA replication?

What is the function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

What is the role of DNA polymerase in chain growth during DNA replication?

Which complex ensures continuous replication on the leading strand during DNA replication?

What is the role of DNA polymerase δ in the lagging strand synthesis?

What is the main difference between the leading and lagging strands in DNA replication?

Which component synthesizes short DNA fragments to add to the RNA primer?

Where does DNA polymerase get the energy required for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?