Cost Benefit and Effectiveness Analysis
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Questions and Answers

Which urban form resembles the 'Dispersed Sheet Urban Form' as described by Kevin Lynch?

  • Linear Urban Form
  • Multi-Nodal Urban Form
  • Trend Extension (correct)
  • Concentric Urban Form

    • What is another name for "Linear Urban Form"?

  • Strip Development (correct)
  • Cluster Development
  • Radial Development
  • Circumferential Development

    • Which urban form is described as having "maximum flexibility, personal comfort, independence and where local participation is highly possible"?

  • Linear Urban Form
  • Trend Extension (correct)
  • Multi-Nodal Urban Form
  • Concentric Urban Form

    • Which urban form is characterized by a strong urban core with secondary centers of moderate densities, distributed along main radial roads?

    <p>Linear Urban Form (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which urban form approximates "Galaxy Form" as described by Lynch?

    <p>Concentric Urban Form (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between the Goals-Achievement Matrix Method and the Planning Balance Sheet Method?

    <p>The Goals-Achievement Matrix Method focuses on subjective weights for objectives, while the Planning Balance Sheet prioritizes quantifiable cost-benefit analysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods explicitly involves a multidisciplinary team working collaboratively with stakeholders in a cyclical process of feedback and revision?

    <p>Charettes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is most closely associated with the concept of "anticipatory democracy"?

    <p>Community Visioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of conducting an Ex-Post Evaluation?

    <p>Determining the effectiveness and sustainability of a completed project. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these evaluation tools relies on the comparison of project costs and benefits in monetary terms?

    <p>Cost-Benefit Analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When would Cost-Effectiveness Analysis be most appropriate to use for evaluating a program?

    <p>When comparing programs with similar outputs, but the benefits are difficult to express in monetary terms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods shares the same core evaluation process as the Goals-Achievement Matrix Method?

    <p>Planning Balance Sheet Method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge associated with using Cost-Benefit Analysis in social development projects?

    <p>The inability to measure the value of intangible benefits like improved health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is primarily focused on gathering quantitative data from a specific group of individuals?

    <p>Surveys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is not directly associated with the planning process?

    <p>Traffic Impact Analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensitivity/Breakeven Analysis aims to determine:

    <p>The impact of changing variables on the overall outcome of an evaluation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Sensitivity/Breakeven Analysis, what is considered a 'sensitive variable'?

    <p>A variable that demonstrates the largest change in outcome when its value is altered. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method emphasizes generating alternative strategies by considering both internal and external factors?

    <p>SWOT Analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these evaluation tools utilizes subjective assessments of objectives and the value of benefits and costs to specific groups?

    <p>Goals-Achievement Matrix Method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key limitation of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?

    <p>Limited to comparing programs with similar outputs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the example of the tutorial program in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis demonstrate its effectiveness?

    <p>It illustrates how different programs can be compared based on their output per monetary cost. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of a public hearing?

    <p>To gather information and reach consensus on a recommended action. (A), To provide a platform for the public to express their opinions and concerns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a tool used in computer-based public participation?

    <p>Public Hearing Platform (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a "bundle of rights" in reference to property rights?

    <p>The legal rights associated with owning and using a piece of land. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a subdivision ordinance?

    <p>To control the division of large tracts of land for building and development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a zoning ordinance regulate land use and development?

    <p>By defining permissible uses, development intensities, and design criteria for different zones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a public hearing and an advisory meeting?

    <p>Public hearings are legally mandated, while advisory meetings are optional. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tools is NOT typically employed in urban planning?

    <p>Financial Forecasting Software (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does computer-based participation contribute to effective community planning?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Goals-Achievement Matrix Method

    A comprehensive evaluation method using a structured matrix to assess objectives.

    Planning Balance Sheet Method

    An evaluation method that quantifies costs and benefits using a matrix.

    SWOT Analysis

    A strategic planning tool assessing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

    Ex-Post Evaluation

    An assessment conducted after project completion to measure effectiveness and sustainability.

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    Surveys

    A method of gathering information from participants to generalize findings for a population.

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    Community Visioning

    A process for communities to create and realize a shared future vision.

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    Charettes

    Collaborative planning sessions involving multidisciplinary teams and stakeholders.

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    Public Meetings

    Common forums for citizen participation in planning and design.

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    Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

    A method comparing project costs and benefits using economic prices.

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    Challenges in CBA

    Difficulties in quantifying benefits and assigning monetary value to non-material outcomes.

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    Cost Effectiveness Analysis

    Evaluates programs based on efficiency without monetary conversion of outputs.

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    Example of Cost Effectiveness Analysis

    Comparing a program achieving 20% improvement per $1,000 with one achieving 10%.

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    Sensitivity Analysis

    Alters assumed constant values to see how changes affect outcomes.

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    Breakeven Analysis

    Determines the point at which cost and benefits are equal.

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    Sensitive Variables

    Variables that significantly affect the outcome when altered.

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    Public Opinion Assessment

    Used to ascertain public opinion or reach a consensus on actions.

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    Public Hearings

    Meetings required by law for decisions by government agencies.

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    Computer-Based Participation

    Using technology to engage public in planning decisions.

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    Bundle of Rights

    The mix of rights pertaining to property use and control.

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    Subdivision Regulation

    Ordinance controlling the division of land for development.

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    Zoning Regulation

    Ordinance dividing land into districts to control usage.

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    Types of Land Uses

    Regulations on what activities are permitted in zones.

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    Density of Development

    Regulation of how closely structures can be placed together.

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    Trend Extension

    An urban development style with minimal government intervention, allowing individuals to build based on personal preferences.

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    Linear Urban Form

    Urban development concentrated along major transport routes, resembling ribbon or strip development.

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    Multi-Nodal Urban Form

    Urban development expands outward from the center, creating multiple centers facilitated by new road construction.

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    Concentric Urban Form

    Development spreads away from the core towards designated growth areas, resembling clusters or galaxies.

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    Urban Star

    An urban form with a strong central core and secondary centers along radial roads, part of linear development.

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    Study Notes

    Evaluation Tools

    • Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) compares project costs and benefits using economic prices.
    • Economic costs and benefits are identified, quantified, and translated into monetary units for comparison.
    • The outcome helps planners decide whether to approve, reject, defer, or modify a project.
    • CBA application in social development is limited.
    • Quantifying and valuing project benefits is challenging.
    • Assigning monetary value to extended human lives or improved health/literacy is difficult.

    Cost Effectiveness Analysis

    • Developed for program evaluation when monetary cost/benefit quantification is unclear.
    • Compares programs with similar outputs without converting them to monetary terms.
    • Programs are measured based on outputs or effectiveness indicators (e.g., outputs per monetary cost).
    • Useful for comparing programs or services with similar outputs.
    • Example: A tutorial program improving reading scores by 20% per $1,000 is superior to one with only a 10% improvement.

    Sensitivity/Breakeven Analysis

    • Evaluates the impact of altering assumed constant values in an evaluation.
    • Identifying sensitive variables (those significantly impacting outcomes) is crucial.
    • Sensitive variables should be isolated to assess uncertainty surrounding their value.
    • Understanding the level of uncertainty surrounding a variable is important.

    Goals-Achievement Matrix Method

    • Subjective assessment of objectives and benefit/cost values for specific groups.
    • More comprehensive than cost-benefit methods but weights are subjective and critiqued.
    • Five-step approach: 1. List objectives, 2. Develop measures, 3. Weight objectives, 4. Evaluate alternatives, 5. Select best alternative.

    Planning Balance Sheet Method

    • Five-step process.
    • Measures costs and benefits monetarily in a balance sheet approach.
    • Evaluating impacts is an integral part of planning.
    • This process often uses matrices for analysis and scoring systems.

    SWOT Analysis

    • Method to generate feasible strategies through assessment of present conditions, characteristics and current state.
    • Utilizes present conditions to guide strategy creation, not just analyze the past.

    Ex-Post Evaluation

    • Conducted after a project completion period to assess effectiveness and sustainability.

    Participation Techniques

    • Surveys: Gathering information from participants, quantifying results, generalizing to larger groups.
    • Community Visioning: Inspired by "anticipatory democracy", creates shared vision & begins planning for future.
    • Charettes: Team of professionals develop plan elements, collaboratively and iteratively incorporating feedback.
    • Public Meetings: Common way planners seek public feedback.
    • Public Hearings: Legally mandated procedure, allowing public input before significant decisions.
    • Computer-based Public Participation: Increasingly used for stakeholder input and community design.

    Implementation Tools

    • Property Rights/Bundle of Rights: Ownership rights can be categorized for specific use cases (e.g., timber, minerals, water).
    • Subdivision Regulation: Controls division of land for building and development, considering lot layouts and public improvements.
    • Zoning Regulation: Divides jurisdictions into districts, regulating land use, intensity, development types, building height, parking, and other aspects.

    Spatial Development Concept Tools

    • Basic Urban Form: Categorizes urban development patterns:
      • Trend Extension: Flexible, person-centered development.
      • Linear Urban Form: Development along transport corridors.
      • Multi-nodal Urban Form: Development expanding from a core.
      • Concentric Urban Form: Development radiating outwards.
    • Combined Alternatives: Employ various types of development patterns.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of Cost Benefit Analysis and Cost Effectiveness Analysis, including their applications and challenges in project evaluation. It highlights the difficulties in quantifying benefits and comparing programs without monetary terms. Test your understanding of these important evaluation tools in social development and program effectiveness.

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