Planning Reviewers PDF

**EVALUTION TOOLS** **COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS (CBA)** It requires the **comparison of project costs and benefits** using **economic prices**. The **economic costs and benefits of a project distinctly identified**, quantified and translated into monetary units and then compared. The outcome o...

**EVALUTION TOOLS** **COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS (CBA)** It requires the **comparison of project costs and benefits** using **economic prices**. The **economic costs and benefits of a project distinctly identified**, quantified and translated into monetary units and then compared. The outcome of such comparison assists a planner in deciding whether to recommend the approval, reject, defer or modify the project under consideration. **CHALLENGES IN CBA** It requires the comparison of project costs and benefits using economic prices. Use of CBA in the realm of social development is not that extensive. Difficulty in quantifying and valuing project benefits Difficulty in assigning monetary value to actions that will extend human lives. Difficulty to come up with monetary measures on increased literacy, for improved health, for increased self-resilience, for minimized brain damage to infants due to malnutrition, etc **COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS** - Developed as a tool for program evaluation where it is difficult, if not impossible, to quantify the costs and benefits in monetary terms. - Allows the evaluation and comparison of programs with similar outputs without converting those outputs into money. - The programs are evaluated in terms of an output or effectiveness indicator, which is expressed as units or output per currency/monetary costs. - It is limited to comparing programs or services with similar outputs. **COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS** EXAMPLE: It is clear that a tutorial program delivering a 20% improvement in reading scores over a year per \$1,000 spent is better than one delivering only 10% improvement per \$1,000 **SENSITIVITY/BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS** - Alters some of the values previously assumed to be constant within an evaluation in order to see whether how much such changes would affect the outcome. - When changing variables affects the outcome in great deal, the variable is said to be a sensitive one. - Once the sensitive variables in any evaluation are isolated, the analyst should determine the level of uncertainty surrounding the value of the variable. **SENSITIVITY/BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS EXAMPLE:** Often in cost-benefit studies of transportation proposals, the most sensitive variable is the value of people's time spent in transit. variable. **GOALS-ACHIEVEMENT MATRIX METHOD** Based on the subjective assessment of objectives and the value of benefits and costs to particular groups. Matrix Methods are more comprehensive than cost-benefit methods; however, the assignments of weights to objectives in the matrix approach is subjective and consequently open to criticism. **GOALS-ACHIEVEMENT MATRIX METHOD** Follows a five-step evaluation process: 1\. List the objectives 2\. Develop measures of each objective 3\. Weight each objective 4\. Evaluate the way each alternative meets each objective 5\. Select the best alternative **PLANNING BALANCE SHEET METHOD** - Also follows the five-step evaluation process - Using a comparable matrix, the balance sheet approach measures costs and benefits in monetary terms as much as possible. - The assessment and evaluation of the impacts of alternative options has always been an integral part of planning analysis. - This process formalized using a matrix and some type of scoring system. **SWOT ANALYSIS** A method that enables a planner to generate feasible alternative strategies through an assessment of the present conditions, characteristics, and current state. Traffic Impact Analysis **EX-POST EVALUATION** Conducted after a certain period has passed since the completion of a target project with emphasis on the effectiveness and sustainability of the project. **PARTICIPATION TECHNIQUES** **SURVEYS** It is a widely accepted tool for gathering information from the people involved in any planning action. It allows planners to obtain quantitative results, to anticipated and address many of the sources of error before the data are collected, and ultimately to generalize findings from a relatively small number of respondents (the sample) to a larger group (population). **COMMUNITY VISIONING** - Inspired in part by the concept of "anticipatory democracy", an approach to governance that blends futures research, grassroots public participation, and long-range strategic planning. - A planning process through which a community creates a shared vision for its future and begins to make it a reality. **CHARETTES** - Involves a multidisciplinary team of professionals developing all elements of a plan. - The team work closely with stakeholders through a series of feedback loops, during which alternative concepts are developed, reviewed by stakeholders, and revised accordingly. **PUBLIC MEETINGS** - The most common forms of citizen participation for planners and urban designers. - Used to ascertain public opinion generally or to reach consensus on a recommended action. **Purpose**: - Informational meeting - Advisory meetings - Workshops - Open house - Problem-solving meetings **PUBLIC HEARINGS** - The law requires the government agencies and elected bodies hold public hearings before making important decisions - These hearings follow specific rules and procedures legally prescribed by national and local ordinances **COMPUTER-BASED PUBLIC PARTICIPATION** Planners increasingly recognizing the potential of computer-based participation as a key element in developing appropriate and effective solutions to the community design and planning problems Computer based participation tools: 1\. Electronic Sketch board 2\. Geographic Information System (GIS) 3\. Imaging Software 4. Virtual Reality 5. Urban Simulation 6. Hypermedia 7. Internet **IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS** Property rights/" bundle of rights" may be viewed in terms of the separate land resources or uses to which they apply: the right to cut timbers; to farm; to extract minerals from its surface or subsurface; to use its surface waters and groundwaters; to build and develop improvements; and to use or control overhead space. The "bundle of rights" also embraces public rights to tax or assess the property, to control its use and development, and to acquire it for public use (with just compensation). **SUBDIVISION REGULATION** - A Subdivision ordinance controls the division of a tract of land for building and development purposes. - Includes standards for the design and layout of lots, streets, utilities, and other public improvements, as well as procedures and requirements to ensure that public improvements are available when it is time to build on the lots. **ZONING REGULATION** A zoning ordinance divides a local government's jurisdiction into districts or zones. **For each district/zone, the zoning ordinance regulates the following:** Types of land uses allowed Intensity or density of development Height, bulk, and placement of structures Amount and design of parking A number of other aspects of land-use and development activity. **SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT TOOLS** **BASIC URBAN FORM** ** TREND EXTENSION** ** LINEAR URBAN FORM** ** MULTI-NODAL URBAN FORM** ** CONCENTRIC URBAN FORM** **TREND EXTENSION** - Resembles the "Dispersed Sheet Urban Form" of Kevin Lynch, which described as having "maximum flexibility, personal comfort, independence and where local participation is highly possible". - The result of individuals building anywhere according to their preferences and convenience with minimal government intervention. **LINEAR URBAN FORM** - Also known as "ribbon or strip development" - Characterized by concentration of development along both sides of major transportation routes such as roads, navigable rivers or other forms of transport networks. - It also resembles "Urban Star" of Kevin Lynch which is characterized by a strong urban core with secondary centers of moderate densities, distributed along main radial roads. **MULTI-NODAL URBAN FORM.** ** ** It reflects an outward expansion of urban development from the city center/core induced by the construction of new circumferential and radial roads. **CONCENTRIC URBAN FORM** - Directs development away from the urban core or city center toward identified urban growth areas or nodes. - It approximates "Galaxy Form" of Lynch, characterized by clusters of development with each cluster having its own specialization. - Another type is the "radial and circumferential" that shows a development channel fanning out from a given center where points of activities are interconnected by radial and circumferential road systems which are potential development corridors.