Cosmology: Universe Theories

• Sky, land, sea, moon, stars, and every living creature were created in six days.
• The solar system is not the center of the universe but just another star system among an infinite multitude of others (1584).
• The vacuum of space is not empty.
• Cosmological constant was added to the theory of relativity equations by Einstein to counteract gravity's dynamic effects, which would have caused the universe to collapse
• The universe is expanding and originated from an infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point around 14 billion years ago.
• The universe formed from a singularity, first suggested in 1927.
• Albert Einstein favored the model of an expanding universe after rejecting his own original model.
• The general theory of relativity equations of the universe with positive curvature solve the uncertainties of the standard big bang model, such as horizon and flatness problem.
• The universe is just one of many bubbles that grew as part of a multiverse.
• The concept of "many worlds" was popularized in the 1960s and 1970s.
• A rogue star passed close to the sun and stripped materials (hot gases) from both the sun and the rogue star.
• Hot gases continued to spin in the same direction as the sun and coalesced into smaller lumps, forming planets.
• The entire solar system started as a large cloud of gas that contracted due to self-gravity.
• Conservation of angular momentum requires that a rotating disk form with a large concentration at the center, which would start as the proto-sun.
• It began with a fragment from an interstellar cloud composed mainly of hydrogen, helium, and trace amounts of light elements.
• As it contracted, it rotated more rapidly, conserving its angular momentum, eventually evolving into the sun.
• Larger asteroid-sized aggregates formed as accretion continued, orbiting the center of the solar nebula and later becoming planets.
• Cyanobacteria used sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce biomass and oxygen.
• Water came from the icy meteors of the outer regions of the solar system that bombarded Earth.
• Internal heating of Earth is caused by radiogenic heat from radioactive decay of materials in the core and mantle.
• Radiogenic heat is extruded via active tectonic activities, such as volcanism and plate movement.
• Earth's surface is not static but in a constant state of motion.
• Regolith are loose particles of rocks that blanket the surface of Earth.
• 70% of the fresh water is frozen in the form of glacial ice.
• The biosphere includes all life forms and even organic matter that has not yet decomposed.
• The interaction between different subsystems is most dynamic in the biosphere zone.

Theories about the universe. Includes universe creation, expansion, relativity, and multiverse concepts. Discusses the Big Bang model, Einstein's contributions, and the concept of multiple universes.