Earth and Life Science: The Universe & Big Bang

• Earth and Life Science Third Quarter Reviewer by the ABM Society of the University of Santo Tomas Senior High School covers topics in Earth and Life Science.

Lesson 1: The Universe

• The universe encompasses space, time, and all contents within it, including matter, galaxies, and energy.
• The universe is estimated to be about 13.8 billion years old.
• This estimation is determined through observations of cosmic microwave background radiation and measurements of the universe's expansion rate.

The Bigbang Theory

• Scientists suggest the universe began with a massive explosion called the Big Bang.
• The universe started as an extremely hot and dense state, expanding rapidly over time.
• Evidence supports the idea that the universe has been expanding and cooling since the Big Bang.
• Over billions of years, matter has clumped together to form stars, galaxies, and eventually planets like Earth.

Bigbang Eras

• Refers to the early stages of the universe after the initial singularity, encompassing a complex and rapidly evolving cosmos.

Four Fundamental Forces

• Strong Nuclear Force binds the nucleus.
• Electromagnetic Force binds atoms.
• Weak Nuclear Force is responsible for radioactivity.
• Gravitational Force binds the Solar System.
• Alexander Friedman & Georges Lamaitre (1920) proposed the best-supported theory of our universe's origin.
• Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered the presence of cosmic microwave background radiation.

Timeline of Bigbang Theory

• Singularity, also known as the Planck Era, is the point where all matter was condensed with infinite density and extreme heat.
• The singularity is the earliest known period of the Universe and it exploded 13.7 billion years ago.
• Inflation Epoch: the universe rapidly expanded from the size of an atomic nucleus to 10^25 meters in width.
• Formation of the Universe: the universe was made up of fundamental particles and energy, including quarks, electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Formation of the Basic Elements

• Protons and Neutrons combined to form hydrogen nuclei through Nucleosynthesis.
• Nucleosynthesis is a process of pairs of hydrogen nuclei to form helium nuclei.

Radiation Era

• The energy was in the form of wavelengths, including cosmic microwave background radiation.
• The Radiation Era began after the Big Bang, had no presence of matter, and consisted of eight epochs.
• Matter Domination: matter began to dominate, electrons joined with hydrogen and helium to make small neutral atoms.
• Birth of Stars and Galaxies: slightly irregular gas cloud areas gravitationally attracted nearby matter and became denser, gaining enough mass to ignite and produce light.

8 Epochs of the Radiation Era

• Planck Epoch: the earliest known period of the universe, occurring 13.7 billion years ago; the first epoch after the singularity, forming gravity, strong nuclear, weak, and electromagnetic forces, after which gravity split away.
• Grand Unification Epoch: the Strong Nuclear Force split from the remaining forces.
• Inflationary Epoch: weak and electromagnetic forces were left, the temperature was high and the universe expanded rapidly, growing from the size of an atom to the size of a grapefruit.
• Electroweak Epoch: all forces split; the universe was made up of quarks and electrons.
• Quark Epoch: all universe ingredients were still present, but temperature was too hot and dense for subatomic particles to form.
• Hadron Epoch: temperature started to cool down, binding quarks which resulted in the formation of protons and neutrons.
• Lepton and Nuclear Epoch: the temperature finally cooled down. Protons and Neutrons fused to create Helium (He).
• Matter Era refers to the period after the Radiation Era.
• Red Shifting (Doppler Shift): occurs because light waves are stretched as Earth and the source move away, resulting in longer wavelengths.
• Blue Shifting: occurs as stars approach, resulting in shorter wavelengths.
• Hubble's Law:galaxies are moving away, and the increasing distance between galaxies with time.
• Cosmic Microwave Background: speculated to be remnant energy left over from the formation of the universe; discovered by Arno Penzlas and Robert Wilson, 1960.
• Light Elements: abundance of light elements, a massive amount of He and H, and trace amounts of Li and Be.
• Cosmic Web: a large-scale structure of the universe, with the distribution of galaxies and galaxy clusters forming a vast cosmic web.

The Fate of the Universe

• Big Freeze/Chill (Heat Death): the universe will continue to expand and eventually become extremely cold and empty, with all matter dispersed and energy dissipated.
• Big Crunch: outward flight of galaxies will slow and stop and the universe's expansion could eventually slow down and reverse.

Other Theories outside Bigbang

• Inflation Theory:
  • Flatness: states there should be curvature, things will appear flat even if curved.
  • Horizon: states spaces in opposite directions are too far apart to have contact, due to exponential expansion as distant regions were once closer.
  • Monopole: predicts production of magnetic poles, dropping exponentially to undetectable level during rapid expansion.
• Religious Cosmology - Mormon, Buddhist, Islamic, and Hindu beliefs.
• Theory of Creation - belief in a divine creator.
• Steady State Theory - Bondl, Gold, and Hoyle (1948) proposed a universe with no beginning or end.
• Matter would continuously be created to maintain a constant density.
• This Theory was challenged by the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation.
• When an old star dies, a new one replaces it; the universe has and will always stay the same.
• String Theory: proposes that the fundamental constituents of the universe are tiny, one-dimensional vibrating strings.
  • Vibrating Strings:
    • Nature of particle is determined by its vibration mode.
  • Extra Dimension:
    • Requires extra dimensions to function mathematically.
  • Quantum Gravity:
    • Aims to reconcile quantum mechanics and gravity.
• M Theory:
  • Extension of String Theory: incorporates five versions into a single, more comprehensive framework.
    • M-theory operates in eleven dimensions.
  • Branes:
    • Fundamental objects in M-theory are membranes of various dimensions.
• The Multiverse: A Cosmos of Universes: suggests our universe is one of many existing universes.
  • Infinite Possibilities:
    • Different universes within the multiverse could have different physical laws, constants, and dimensions.
  • Parallel Universes:
    • Describe individual universes within the multiverse.
  • Origin:
    • Multiverse could have originated from inflationary, quantum, or string theory multiverses.

LESSON 2: The Solar System

• Early Solar System Models:
  • Heliocentrism: Earth and other planets orbit the sun.
  • Geocentrism: the moon, sun, and other known planets orbit the Earth.
• Elliptical Orbits: the planets' orbits are oval-shaped.
  • Discovery by Johannes Kepler, who challenged the belief in circular orbits.
• Orbital Plane: most planets in the solar system orbit the Sun within a relatively flat plane due to rotating disks of gas and dust.
• Planetary Revolution: most planets in our solar system revolve around the sun in a counterclockwise direction from west to east.
• Planetary Distance: attempts to predict planet distances from sun.
• Proposed in the 18th century and seemed to work well for planets then.
• Rene Descartes: Vortex Theory states the sun is at the center of rotating matter, with the vortex carrying planets in a whirlpool motion.
• Goerges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon: Collision theory states a comet struck the sun, breaking debris that became the planets.
• Formation of the Solar System: Collapse: high-temperature gas ball collapses, heats up, and becomes disk-shaped.
• Spinning: the disk spins increasingly faster and the temperature decreases.
• Flattening: disks become spheres due to rotation; some fog escapes due to fast rotation.
• Condensation: fog formed the largest mass' core, while small parts formed around the cooling process.
• Accretion: cores of smaller masses turn into planets while most remain in high-temperature flare.

The Sun

• The meaning comes from Solis's latin word which means sun.
• The sun, which is the heart of the solar sytem, is composed of hydrogen (74%), helium (24%), and trace amounts of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• The sun is a yellow dwarf star that has a surface temperature of 5,500 C.
• Solar wind: the continuous stream of charged particles (protons, neutrons) emitted from sun’s upper atmosphere.
• Earth's magnetic field acts as a protective shield from these solar winds.

Terrestrial Planets

• Consisting of Mercury, Venus, Earth (largest), and Mars.
• Substantially Smaller with diameter of less than 13,000 km.
• The planets move slowly in space and have short orbital periods and fewer satellites
• Mosty rock and metal. no rings and few moons.

Jovian Planets

• Consisting of Jupiter (largest), Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
• Substantially Larger with diameter of greater than 48,000km
• Gases composed of Hydrogen and Helium.
• Consisting of rings and many moons.
• Mercury: closest and smallest planet
  • Diameter: 4,880 km (3032 miles)
  • Day length: 59 Earth days
  • Year length: 88 Earth days
  • Thin atmosphere composed of trace helium, hydrogen, and oxygen.
  • Rocky crust with craters, gray in color, cold on one half, and hot on the other half facing the sun, is the smallest planet with no natural satellites.
• Venus: "Earth's sister planet" with poisonous fog.
  • Diameter: 12,104 km (7521 miles)
  • Day length: 254 Earth days
  • Year length: 225 Earth days
  • Surface temperature: 467 C, thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide (96.5%) with gases
  • Venus rotates from east to west, opposite to other other planets, is the hottest planet in the color orange.

Earth

• Diameter: 12,742km
• Mass: 5.97 x 10^ 24 kgs
• Distance from sun: 49.6 Millon
• Day length: 24 hrs
• Year length: 365. 24 days
• Made of iron (31.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%)
• Mars: "The Martian Red Planet" with 2 moons (Phobos and Deimos).
• Diameter: 6779 km (4212 miles)
• Mass: 0.64171 x 10^24 kgs
• Day Length: 24 hours and 39 minutes
• Year Length: 687 Earth days
• The planet's atmosphere, which is mainly composed of carbon dioxide (95.3%), contain trace amounts of nitrogen adn argo
• Volcanoes, Canyons, Rocks and Sand.
• Jupiter: largest planet
• Composition is mainly hydrogen and helium
• Length of Day is 9 Earth Hours
• Year Length: 11.86 earth years
• Has no solid surface instead has thick layers, two thin rings, a large red spot, and has around 80-95 moons
• Saturn: jewel solar System
• Diameter: 116,464 km (72,367mi)
• Mass: 96% hydrogen, 3% Helium, along with trace amounts of gasses compunds.
• It's rings are made up of frozen gas, ice, and rocks and is considered to be second largest planet

Uranus

• Is the Ice Giant of the solar system
• Diameter: 51,118 km (31763 mi)
• Length of Day: 17 hrs and 14 mins
• Year Length: 84 earth years
• Made of hydrogen (74%), helium (25%) and trace of Mathane.
• It has angle of 90-degrees, very cold and has rings.
• Neptune: Is blue Giant
• Diameter: 49,255 km (30598mi)
• Length of Day:16 hrs and 6 mins
• Year Length:165 earth years
• Composed of hydrogen (74%), helium(25%) and trace amounts of methane.
• Was located through mathematical calculations and is the most distant planet, contains two dark spots.
• Pluto: Dwarf Planet
• Smaller than Earth's moon with a diameter of 6.4 earth days.
• Its orbit is highly eliptical and consists of ice and rock in the color gray.
• With 10 moons its considered as a planet until 2003
• August 2006 It became a dwarf planet
• Types of Drawft Planets: Pluto, Pallas,Haumea,Makemake

Defining Drawf Planets

• Celestial bodies that orbit the sun which are spherical but not large enought to clear debris
• Consisting of Defining Dwarf Planets orbiting the sun and are mostly spherical because of gravity

Other Members of the Solar System

• The Frost Line divides the inner warm and outer cooler regions.
• Within it, rock and metals condense, and hydrogen compounds remain as a gas, forming terrestrial planets.
• Beyond it, hydrogen compounds, rocks, and metals condense, forming Jovian planets.
• Earth's Moon is a natural satellite that influences the Earth by creating tides and stabilizing tilt.
• Every 27.3 days the moon surfaces consisting of dark, basaltic plains, cratered highlands, and other impacts rotate around the earth.
• The father of astrogeology, Eugenue Merrle Shoemaker has the work of how celestials bodies impact on the Earth

Asteroid

• The discovery of Giuseppe Piazzi of Italy
• Its a rocky body in smaller for but orbits like a planet which looks like a drawft version that dosent have a spherical shape.

Comets

• Have a shell filled with ice or gases which orbit the sun
  • Short Period: less than 200 years
  • Long Period: greater than 200 years
  • Composed of ice (froze water and gas) and volatile dust
  • Vapors form the sun by jets of heat and sublimate gases
  • the Dust Trails emit gas toward wind and cure toward the direction.
  • The trail of Plasma Streams back from the solar wind
  • Vapor Cloud : Coma surounds nuleus making it hard to see the comet
  • Contains Solar WInds,Lithium,Natrium,Potassium,Rubdum,Ceslum,Calciumetc

Meteors

• A rocky metallic asteroid or comet fragment. -Meteoroid: - A streak of light is seen when a meteoroid heats up in the atmosphere. -Meteorite: - Meteor fragment that reaches the ground.
  • Origin:
    • Oort cloud where cosmographical boundary of the solar systems is locaterd . Kuiper belt holds shorts period Comets
• Consisting of Mercury, Venus, Earth (largest), and Mars.
• Substantially Smaller with diameter of less than 13,000 km.
• The planets move slowly in space and have short orbital periods and fewer satellites
• Mosty rock and metal. no rings and few moons

LESSON 3: THE EARTH'S HISTORY

Major Geological Events Shaped Our Planet

• The Earth is shaped by the movement of Earths plated over time
• The planet's form is influenced by processes such as folding, faulting, and volcanic activity by shaping landscapes and influencing climate is a impact with human civlization.
• Uniformitarianism:
  • Proposition:
    • Modernly known as the father of geological studies.
    • A scottish scientist

Geological Dating

• Dating is determining something according the Fossils adn Materials
• Dating has to classifications whether its relative or absolute, which gives an age through a comparison

Dating is split through to following:

• Reative vs Absolute
  • Relative:
    • Knows order but no date -Absolute:
    • Is able to deterim when when the ages something
• Potassium 50: -Used to state rocks.
• Relative has Basic Principals:
  • Original Horizontally
    • Layers of lays in flat which deforms later
• Superosotion :
  • the the Layer that will appear on top will later be younger
• Crosscutting:
  • Faults intrusions occurs after
• Principle of Inclusions: - Has to exsit older
• Lateral and conttunutal: - Sentiments deopisty laters

Unconformities - GAPS in the Geologic Period

• Angular Unconformity: older, tilted rock layers are overlain by younger, horizontal rock layers, indicating erosion before younger layers formed.
• Disconformity: layers of rock are parallel, but with a significant time gap suggesting non-deposition or erosion
• NonConformity: sedimentary rocks overlie igneous/metamorphic rocks, indicating long erosion before igneous/metamorphic rocks formed.
• Radiometric Method: used to determine age of prehistoric samples, through Radioactive decay.

Consisiting of decay from elmenst with diffrent years

• Carbon used to date biological:
  • C14 =50,000 years
• Rocks can be dated throuh - U238 = 4,500,000 - ko4= and it decay occurs through changing atoms

LESSON 3.2: DESCRIPTION OF THE EARTH'S HISTORY

• Earth's History: reconstructed through petrology, stratigraphy, and paleontology. -(Petrology) : - helps to know the rock - (Stratigraphy): - Helps to know what is realtive to look at -(Paleontology): - helps to know the Envoirment and life in it

Geoloic Timeline

• (Eon)- is the time ( Era)- the time longer in (Period) vs (Epoch)

In Pre- cambrian Era:

• Consist of these Era: -Hadean (Oldest Era): - No form of life due to hot temp - No continents tons of volcanoes - Archean(Second Odlest Era): - Started to form in climate to form and ocean and contents - Protorezoic: - Visbil life - Multicellur and Eukarotic

Phanerozoic Eon

• The era where where complex life would be know for of the modern
  • Palezoic(Oldest Era)
    • Contais the animal land and colonization -Mesoziz(Era)
    • Contain the the of formation of continents of the
  • CanazaticEra
    • the most modern day containing our day

There eras of formation of life and contient era

• Contain snow ball earth whetre it traps carbons form green house gases

The Era Of Hadean

• the most the form earth (dust and smaller than the mars like the out planets

DNA BASES

• A PROCELL THAYY BASSED OF RNA WHERE IT BEGAN TO BECOME DNA IN A
• the plate became to connect -Prototypic
  • the Eath was most methane and nitrogen and conatan cyanobateria

Ocean

• the seafloor has has the ocean is mixed with water
• and due to the pressure the oxygen cyaonbateriz the ater

Therefor the is to type of bacteria that an form or anoxic and has oxygen

• First Eurkaros which is a multi cellulite

Mesazoic

• Contain The era of forming new life after that big extion.

LESSON 4.1: Is the the Study Of earth Atmosphere

• Is also term that describes the transfers of energy
  • Open:
    • tranfers what evre can -Isolated:
    • Transfers nothg
• the EArth as asystem
  • the earth susten is a open system with external and internal

The ROles

that the Atmopshere and has what all - Provides oxyzen and transfers air and protects - Stratopshere helps

Is a ozone layer what prevent sun

• The air mosty made up of
  • Nitrogen: does not easy and and constist mostly of the air, and it the main gas
  • Oxygen: Essential to life as well being for us and air
  • Argan: Gas it the is about of almost more thans nitrogen

Methane

• Plays and it is has that of the amount of the earth and effects everything most import
• Altitude:
  • the the higher u are less of the molecules the les you be to press

LESSON EARTH STRUCTURE

• the troposphere helps airplens stratup with oxygen
• the the temoere incsr because it goes through strato
• the the is in high area

Ozone Depletion (What Caused the Ozone Layer to Thicken?)

• it that the ozone layer is that shields from

NOTE

• stratosphere the temperature is higher because uv Rays
• exosphere - The boundary -The effects causes high blood P and problems for the human and environment -Human can help the green house effect that by doing these factors

Human Can have a impact where they do these

• Rising global temperatures - Causing green house to trap more

There the what they do

• Kyoto poticial

LESON 5.1:

The Sphere water and how we use it

Hydrosphere

• has two types what we do:
  • Fresh (1% less than salrt and 2 % of water) -Salinity: -Contains over 97 %

It what allows water, so it can be water

It all what to make the earth or atmosphere to interact with water, which becomes the Weather

• air pressure: what allows there to calm weather:

- The water

• The water how and cycle and with water and how there the the types of flow

Process of the water

• evaporation:

  • Water from the s - It or turn vapor vapor or to rise

• condense-

  • Condense: rises and cool down - From clouds of what what comes.

• Collection What allow the life form to be sustined

• the elxiir of life

Leson-5.a : The study What Wetahte IS

The process that what is what time the air it that allows the the to work

Air: What

- what it feels
-  what time
- what makes the the to be or
- what makes us to be

• weathereforcasts:
  • easy the to condisut

Cyclone

• A weather word the cyclone

• the earth they what all and cause what they call that area

• if the pressurer means the wind comes

• if cyclone wind comes

• the all cause

Monosoon

• it when is dry
• but clear

LSEON

-It can form from layers

LSEON -

• a layer of the can and