Corruption Typology and Assessment in the Philippines
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Questions and Answers

Which agency is responsible for formulating a public sector institutional strengthening agenda?

  • Presidential Commission on Good Governance (correct)
  • Presidential Anti-Graft Commission
  • Inter-Agency Anti-Graft Coordinating Council
  • National Bureau of Investigation
  • What agency was formed to recover ill-gotten wealth from the Marcos family?

  • Presidential Commission on Good Governance (correct)
  • National Bureau of Investigation
  • Inter-Agency Anti-Graft Coordinating Council
  • Securities and Exchange Commission
  • Which agency replaced the old central bank established in 1946?

  • Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (correct)
  • Presidential Anti-Graft Commission
  • Inter-Agency Anti-Graft Coordinating Council
  • Presidential Commission on Good Governance
  • Which agency shares information and resources to enhance coordination between its members' activities?

    <p>Inter-Agency Anti-Graft Coordinating Council (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency oversees the registration of securities?

    <p>Securities and Exchange Commission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency was established in October 1999?

    <p>Presidential Commission on Good Governance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency gathers evidence for probable cause hearings and files appropriate charges?

    <p>National Bureau of Investigation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency is tasked with strengthening corporate governance?

    <p>Securities and Exchange Commission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Ombudsman?

    <p>To protect the people from abuses by government officials and employees. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific legal basis for the Ombudsman's mandate?

    <p>Section 13 of RA 6770 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Sandiganbayan?

    <p>To handle cases involving violations of specific laws, primarily related to corruption and graft. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acts is NOT under the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan?

    <p>R.A. 6713 (Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the Sandiganbayan?

    <p>To handle criminal and civil cases related to graft and corruption of public officials. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way in which the Ombudsman can address complaints?

    <p>Issuing arrest warrants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of cases handled by the Sandiganbayan from 1991 to 2000?

    <p>30,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following officials DOES NOT fall under the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan?

    <p>A member of the Supreme Court (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided data, how many cases were received by the Ombudsman in 2001?

    <p>7,720 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Civil Service Commission (CSC)?

    <p>To enforce ethical standards and administrative regulations for government employees. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of cases that were pending at the end of 2001?

    <p>4,261 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cases were disposed of by the Ombudsman in 2001?

    <p>9,324 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of civil servants in the Philippines?

    <p>1,400,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common type of case handled by the Sandiganbayan?

    <p>Murder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the Ombudsman and the Sandiganbayan?

    <p>They are both independent entities with their own distinct functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of money involved in cases handled by the Sandiganbayan from 1991 to 2000?

    <p>Php12 billion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Corruption Prevention Unit (CPU) Program?

    <p>To establish public assistance centers in communities and involve residents in battling corruption and inefficiency in the government. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following entities has played a significant role in raising public awareness and promoting discussions about governance and corruption, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>PCIJ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did the Office of the Ombudsman take to combat corruption, as described in the text?

    <p>Filed corruption cases against President Estrada in the Sandiganbayan. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the media contributed to combating corruption?

    <p>By conducting investigations into corrupt practices and exposing them to the public. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiative did the Commission on Audit undertake to enhance its auditing processes, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Adopted a government-wide performance audit approach to improve efficiency and independence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects is NOT directly mentioned in the text as a contributing factor to the fight against corruption?

    <p>International cooperation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the Makati Business Club, according to the text?

    <p>To represent the interests of the business community in government policy discussions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following programs or initiatives WAS NOT mentioned in the text as being directly involved in combating corruption?

    <p>The National Anti-Corruption Strategy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a specific activity recommended as part of a medium-term anti-corruption program?

    <p>Engage in open dialogue and debate with the public about corruption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial element of a coalition building effort?

    <p>Gaining public support and participation for the National Anti-Corruption Program (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of establishing a multi-sectoral advisory group for anti-corruption efforts?

    <p>To gather diverse perspectives and expertise to inform anti-corruption strategies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text propose to improve transparency and quality of public services?

    <p>By involving the public in overseeing government services (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the coalition building effort is crucial for advancing anti-corruption reform?

    <p>Identifying and supporting political champions who will champion anti-corruption initiatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a recommended strategy for altering people's and policymakers' values about corruption?

    <p>Focusing on the severity of corruption and its impact on society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key recommendation for sustaining the DBM-led program for reform of government procurement?

    <p>Strengthening the anti-corruption content of the legislative agenda (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text suggest improving fiscal monitoring and reducing the risk of corruption?

    <p>By implementing reforms in budgetary and accounting/auditing systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred during the Ramos administration regarding pork barrel allocations?

    <p>Each member of the House received greater amounts of pork barrel funding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much pork barrel funding did each House member receive during the current period described?

    <p>P70 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggered the establishment of the Countrywide Development Fund (CDF)?

    <p>Frustration over slow delivery of services by the bureaucracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main criticisms of pork barrel spending as mentioned?

    <p>It was often spent without transparency and accountability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the situation under Martial Law regarding pork barrel distribution?

    <p>Pork barrel funds were solely controlled by President Marcos. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Pork Barrel

    Government funds appropriated for projects that benefit a specific district or group.

    Development Fund (CDF)

    A fund created for legislators to finance infrastructure projects for their constituents in the Philippines.

    Golden Age of Pork

    Period during the Ramos administration when pork barrel allocations reached their peak in the Philippines.

    Pork allocations

    Specific amounts of money granted to legislators for their projects, varying by position.

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    Marcos Era Pork Politics

    Concentration of pork barrel power and funds under President Marcos before martial law.

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    Ombudsman Law of 1989

    RA 6770 mandates prompt action on complaints against government employees.

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    Ombudsman

    Officials who address complaints against government employees and agencies.

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    Administrative liability

    Responsibility for failure to follow government procedures or rules.

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    Criminal liability

    Accountability for violating laws, potentially leading to prosecution.

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    Sandiganbayan

    Special court for cases of graft and corruption involving officials.

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    Graft and corruption

    Illegal activities by public officials involving bribery or misuse of power.

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    Pending cases

    Cases that are awaiting resolution or decision in court.

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    Disposed cases

    Cases that have been resolved or closed, often through various outcomes.

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    R.A 3019

    The Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act designed to combat corruption in public office.

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    R.A 9160

    The Anti-Money Laundering Act that addresses illegal money activities.

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    Jurisdiction of Sandiganbayan

    Limited to cases of public official corruption, money laundering, and specific laws violations.

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    Members of Congress (SG 27)

    Congress members above Salary Grade 27 fall under Sandiganbayan's jurisdiction.

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    Civil Service Commission

    Central agency ensuring compliance of 1.4 million civil servants with standards and ethical codes.

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    Common Cases in Sandiganbayan

    Includes falsification, malversation, estafa, and violations of R.A 3019.

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    Total Cases Handled (1991-2000)

    Approximately 30,000 cases handled involving Php12 billion in amounts.

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    Presidential Commission on Good Governance

    Established in 1986 to recover ill-gotten wealth from the Marcos family.

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    Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

    The central bank of the Philippines, created in 1993, replacing the old bank from 1946.

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    Securities and Exchange Commission

    Regulates securities, oversees registration, and enhances corporate governance since 1936.

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    Inter-Agency Anti-Graft Coordinating Council

    Established in 1999 to improve coordination among anti-graft agencies in the Philippines.

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    National Bureau of Investigation

    Investigates and gathers evidence for probable cause hearings in criminal cases.

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    Presidential Committee on Effective Governance

    Formulates strategies for public sector strength since 1999, chaired by the Executive Secretary.

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    Presidential Anti-Graft Commission

    Established in 2001 to investigate violations of anti-graft laws by presidential appointees.

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    Executive Orders

    Formal documents issued by the President to manage the operations of government.

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    Corruption Prevention Units

    NGOs and POs accredited to help prevent corruption.

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    Junior Graft-Watch Units

    Youth organizations registered to combat corruption at the community level.

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    Media's Role

    Crucial in promoting transparency and exposing corruption.

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    PCIJ

    An independent agency specializing in investigative journalism.

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    Commission on Audit

    Oversees the adoption of effective auditing practices.

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    Corruption Prevention Unit (CPU) Program

    Initiative by NGOs aimed at community-based corruption prevention.

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    Makati Business Club

    Represents business interests with a focus on the economy's broader health.

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    Anti-Corruption Leadership

    Strong senior leadership to direct anti-corruption initiatives and communicate their progress.

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    Multi-Sectoral Advisory Group

    A group of experts and citizens to support anti-corruption action.

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    Public Oversight

    Involving citizens in monitoring government services for transparency.

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    Budgetary Reforms

    Changes to reduce corruption risks and improve financial controls.

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    Corporate Governance Improvement

    Enhancing policies for fair competition and ethical business practices.

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    Judicial Reforms

    Measures to speed up and fairness in the judicial system.

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    Coalition Building

    Creating a broad coalition to push for anti-corruption reforms.

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    Political Champions

    Supportive public officials promoting anti-corruption agendas.

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    Study Notes

    Typology of Corruption

    • Corruption is the abuse of public office for private gain.
    • Some corruption is agency-specific, others are common across multiple agencies
    • Three layers of corruption exist:
      • Within the political system (electoral politics, patronage, pork barrel)
      • Within the public sector (spotty performance in identifying/sanctioning corrupt employees, employment/pay considerations, government procurement)
      • Within individual agencies (grand vs. petty corruption)
    • "Dirty money" categories include bribes, grease money, extortion, and political contributions.

    Assessment of Corruption in the Philippines

    • The Philippines is one of the most corrupt countries in Asia (2005 report).
    • Corruption and cronyism are significant issues.
    • Only 13% of businesses in the Philippines are untainted by corruption (2000 survey).
    • A large percentage of businesses report engaging in corrupt practices (2000 World Bank survey).
    • Public perception of government commitment to combatting corruption was mixed in surveys.

    Corruption in the Philippines: Prevalence, Costs, and Consequences

    • Corruption pervades the public and private sectors.
    • Corruption damages the economy (significant economic losses, poor growth, underdevelopment), leads to political instability, undermines societal values, and compromises government agencies.
    • Losses from corruption are extensive (US$48 billion, PhP2 billion annually).

    Cases of Corruption

    • Marcos Regime: Corruption was rampant, with alleged widespread abuse of power, embezzlement of funds, and extortion.
    • Aquino Administration (1986-1992): Stories of President's relatives engaging in shady transactions and corrupt deals.
    • Ramos Regime: Corruption scandals affected the economy.
    • Estrada Presidency: Traditional methods of presidential plunder were employed, alongside newer methods such as stock market speculation and corporate mergers.

    Reforms and Initiatives to Combat Corruption

    • The Arroyo administration banned government contracts with the president, husband, or relatives.
    • The Presidential Anti-Graft Commission was created to investigate allegations of corruption.
    • The government strengthened the Presidential Committee on Effective Governance to tackle corruption.
    • Efforts were made to recover ill-gotten wealth (from previous administrations).
    • The government created dedicated bodies for anti-corruption and strengthened the legislation and administrative processes.

    Corruption in the Legislative, Judiciary, and Military

    • The Pork Barrel system involves appropriations and favors for representatives' districts (discretionary funding).
    • Corruption in the judiciary was highlighted through specific cases (PLDT case, Beer case).
    • Military corruption is also an area of concern, with instances of alleged misuse of funds and abuse of authority.

    Corruption in Government Agencies

    • The Commission on Audit (COA) monitors government spending and finances.
    • The Office of the Ombudsman handles graft and corruption complaints.
    • Inter-agency Coordination (including the COA, Office of the Ombudsman, Civil Service Commission, PAGC, Department of Justice, and NBI) is critical.

    Methods to Reduce Corruption

    • Implementing a wide-reaching framework with clear guidelines and consistent application.
    • Supporting independent oversight agencies and providing them robust tools.
    • Working with the private sector, communities, and other stakeholders to encourage accountability.
    • Creating a culture of integrity and a strong civil society that ensures constant scrutiny.
    • Raising awareness about corruption, encouraging proactive reporting of instances, and supporting individuals reporting corruption.
    • Conducting regular performance audits to pinpoint possible systemic failures or weaknesses.

    International Experiences

    • Many Asian countries have significant corruption challenges.
    • Some countries have developed effective strategies to combat corruption, including raising salaries, bolstering the justice system, and instituting transparency in procurement.

    Government Initiatives to Combat Corruption

    • Creation of inter-agency bodies to combat corruption (e.g, Inter-Agency Anti-Graft Coordinating Council).
    • Implementing administrative orders, codes, ethical standards, and legislative reforms.

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    Primer on Corruption PDF

    Description

    Explore the different layers of corruption, including its prevalence in the political system and public sector. This quiz assesses the state of corruption in the Philippines, highlighting statistics and perceptions from various reports. Test your understanding of how corruption affects governance and business practices.

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