Correlational Studies in Research

0.90 = Strong positive relationship -0.70 = Strong negative relationship 0.20 = Slight relationship 0.55 = Moderate relationship

0.10 = No relationship 0.45 = Educational research value -0.25 = Negative relationship 0.80 = High predictive value

0.30 = Crude predictions possible 0.65 = Reasonably accurate predictions -0.40 = Not suitable for predictions 0.50 = Minimum threshold for individual predictions

<p>Correlational research = Identify relationships among variables Causal connection = Establish cause and effect Predictor variable = Variable used to make predictions Criterion variable = Variable about which predictions are made</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-0.15 = Variables not related 0.75 = Theoretical or practical value -0.60 = Low value in predictive sense 0.95 = Very strong relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding phenomena = Clarify important concepts Prediction = Forecasting outcomes based on relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High school grades related to college grades = Example of prediction in correlational research Correlational studies and cause-effect relationship = Do not establish direct causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scatterplots = Graphical representation of relationships Relationship among variables = Illustrated through scatterplots</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Is variable X related to variable Y? = Examining the relationship between two variables How well does variable P predict variable C? = Assessing predictive power of one variable on another What are the relationships among a large number of variables, and what predictions can be made that are based on them? = Exploring relationships and making predictions based on multiple variables What aspect of a correlational study should be defined clearly to avoid future problems? = Defining variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>What Makes Professional Development Effective? = Effectiveness of professional development Verbal Ability and Teacher Effectiveness. = Relationship between verbal ability and teacher effectiveness Bullying and Stress in Early Adolescence. = Connection between bullying and stress in early adolescence Perfectionism and Peer Relations Among Children with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. = Relationship between perfectionism and peer relations in children with OCD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Is variable X related to variable Y? = Type of question focusing on relationship between two variables How well does variable P predict variable C? = Type of question assessing predictive power of one variable on another What are the relationships among a large number of variables, and what predictions can be made that are based on them? = Type of question exploring relationships and making predictions based on multiple variables What is a key consideration when selecting a sample for a correlational study? = Careful selection and ideally random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Population = The group from which data is collected Sample size = Minimum number considered acceptable for a correlational study Instruments = Tools used to measure variables in a study Correlation coefficient = Indicates the degree of relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Samples smaller than 30 = May provide inaccurate relationship estimates Samples larger than 30 = More likely to give meaningful results Quantitative data = Must be yielded by instruments in correlational studies Explanatory study = Usually collects data on both variables within a short time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tests and questionnaires = Commonly used in correlational studies Observation = Another method used to collect data in studies Grade transcripts = Can sometimes be a source of data for correlational studies Single session administration = Method often used for instruments in explanatory studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obtaining two scores from each individual = For correlating variables Correlation of pairs of scores = Results in a correlation coefficient Immediate back-to-back sessions = Used for some instrument administrations Data collected from records = Sometimes done in correlational studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlational research = Studying relationships among variables without manipulation Causal-comparative research = Comparing groups without manipulating variables Experimental research = Manipulating variables to determine causation Descriptive research = Describing existing relationships between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive correlation = High scores on one variable associated with high scores on the other Negative correlation = High scores on one variable associated with low scores on the other Correlation coefficient = Measure of the strength and direction of a relationship between variables Associational research = Studying relationships among variables without attempting to influence them</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlational research = Investigates relationships between quantitative variables using correlation coefficients Causal-comparative research = Compares groups based on existing differences without manipulation Experimental research = Involves manipulation of variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships Descriptive research = Focuses on describing relationships between variables without manipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive correlation = When high scores on one variable are linked to high scores on another variable Negative correlation = When high scores on one variable are linked to low scores on another variable Correlation coefficient = A statistical measure indicating the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables Associational research = Studying connections between variables without intervening to change them</p> Signup and view all the answers