Correlational Studies in Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What do correlational studies primarily focus on examining?

  • Relationships between measured continuous variables (correct)
  • The influence of external factors on research outcomes
  • Causal relationships between variables
  • The effects of independent variables on dependent variables

    • Which component of correlation indicates whether two variables increase or decrease together?

  • Statistical significance
  • Direction (correct)
  • Variable independence
  • Strength

    • What is the main measure of strength in a correlation study?

  • Mean difference
  • Correlation coefficient (correct)
  • Regression analysis
  • Sample size

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding correlational studies?

    <p>They assess the direction and strength of relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main characteristics that define correlations?

    <p>Strength and direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of validity in measurement issues?

    <p>The accuracy of capturing the constructs of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach can help mitigate subject effects in measurement?

    <p>Implementing filler items in questionnaires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of construct validity?

    <p>Consistency of participant responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an unobtrusive measure?

    <p>Observations of behavior without participants knowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the operational definition important in measurement validity?

    <p>It describes how constructs are measured and defined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of correlational studies compared to observational studies?

    <p>They have a narrower focus on predetermined constructs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of correlational studies?

    <p>Lack of information on variable relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do correlational studies maintain measurement consistency?

    <p>Through standardized procedures in variable measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do correlational studies have over archival studies?

    <p>They offer better control over how and when variables are measured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes correlational studies in terms of variable measurement control?

    <p>They maintain strict control of measurement variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using a scatterplot in data analysis?

    <p>To visualize the relationship and identify outliers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What numerical measure is commonly used to represent the strength of a relationship in correlational studies?

    <p>Correlation coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'experimenter bias' in the context of measurement?

    <p>The influence of experimenters on the outcome of an experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following questions can be answered by analyzing a scatterplot?

    <p>Are the two variables related, and how strongly?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy can help minimize 'experimenter reactivity' during data collection?

    <p>Incorporating automation or online surveys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can potentially distort the interpretation of data from a scatterplot?

    <p>Outliers present in the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about correlational studies is true?

    <p>They analyze the relationship between continuous variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can researchers ensure the reliability of their measurements?

    <p>By employing multiple items or measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if a measurement is considered 'reliable'?

    <p>It produces consistent results over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of leading questions in a questionnaire?

    <p>They may produce biased or inaccurate results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two factors necessary for skepticism towards epistemically suspect ideas?

    <p>Sufficient cognitive ability/analytic thinking and motivation to be epistemically rational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'epistemically suspect' ideas?

    <p>Ideas that lack strong evidence and logical reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of an epistemically suspect idea?

    <p>A conspiracy theory without credible evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does motivation play in evaluating epistemically suspect ideas?

    <p>It fosters a desire to form beliefs based on evidence and logic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is high cognitive ability important in skepticism towards unfounded beliefs?

    <p>It helps individuals to analyze and question the validity of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an independent variable in assessing belief in paranormal phenomena?

    <p>Cognitive ability (CA: numeracy, verbal ability)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Importance of Rationality Scale (IRS) in the context of belief assessment?

    <p>It is used to evaluate personal importance attached to epistemic rationality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best captures the relationship between cognitive ability and belief in conspiracy theories?

    <p>Higher cognitive ability may reduce belief in conspiracy theories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following variables is NOT considered a predictor in the study of belief in paranormal phenomena?

    <p>Exposure to media depicting the paranormal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scores are used to standardize cognitive ability measures?

    <p>Z-scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of differential studies in comparison to observations?

    <p>They have a predetermined focus on specific constructs to measure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do differential studies ensure consistent data collection?

    <p>Through standardized procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do differential studies have over archival studies?

    <p>Increased ability to control confounding variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is controlled in differential studies but not in all observational studies?

    <p>The timing of data collection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does having control over confounding variables allow differential studies to do?

    <p>Enhance the clarity of causal relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes confounding variables?

    <p>Variables that co-vary with the independent variable and affect the dependent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do researchers typically encounter issues with confounding variables?

    <p>When the confounding variable is not constant between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the issue of confounding variables?

    <p>A study finds that exercise increases weight loss without controlling for diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a requirement for a variable to be considered confounding?

    <p>The variable must be independent of the dependent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do confounding variables impact the results of an experiment?

    <p>They obscure the true relationship between the independent and dependent variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of variable is the independent variable (IV) in differential studies?

    <p>Categorical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of differential studies?

    <p>To compare two or more groups on a certain variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement represents a typical research question in differential studies?

    <p>Does group A differ from group B on variable Y?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the dependent variable (DV) in differential studies?

    <p>Is often categorical but can be continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In differential studies, which of the following types of data is the dependent variable (DV) mostly associated with?

    <p>Interval or ratio data</p> Signup and view all the answers

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