Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main goal of correlational research?
What is the main goal of correlational research?
In correlational research, more than two variables can be examined simultaneously.
In correlational research, more than two variables can be examined simultaneously.
False
What type of research allows scientists to measure phenomena without intervention?
What type of research allows scientists to measure phenomena without intervention?
Correlational research
A strong positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable __________.
A strong positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable __________.
Signup and view all the answers
What can we conclude from correlation research regarding violent television and aggression?
What can we conclude from correlation research regarding violent television and aggression?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following elements related to correlational research:
Match the following elements related to correlational research:
Signup and view all the answers
Children who watch more violent TV are guaranteed to have higher aggression scores.
Children who watch more violent TV are guaranteed to have higher aggression scores.
Signup and view all the answers
In the provided data, what is the aggression score for a child that watches 11 hours of violent television?
In the provided data, what is the aggression score for a child that watches 11 hours of violent television?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary advantage of using survey research?
What is a primary advantage of using survey research?
Signup and view all the answers
Field research is primarily a quantitative method of data collection.
Field research is primarily a quantitative method of data collection.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a hypothesis in research?
What is the purpose of a hypothesis in research?
Signup and view all the answers
A hypothesis must be _____, meaning it can be supported through scientific research methods.
A hypothesis must be _____, meaning it can be supported through scientific research methods.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following research methods with their descriptions:
Match the following research methods with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about hypotheses is true?
Which of the following statements about hypotheses is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of relationship do hypotheses typically propose?
What type of relationship do hypotheses typically propose?
Signup and view all the answers
Survey research can only provide qualitative data.
Survey research can only provide qualitative data.
Signup and view all the answers
What is an independent variable?
What is an independent variable?
Signup and view all the answers
A null hypothesis asserts that two factors or groups are dependent on each other.
A null hypothesis asserts that two factors or groups are dependent on each other.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of hypothesis predicts a positive or negative change between two variables?
What type of hypothesis predicts a positive or negative change between two variables?
Signup and view all the answers
The variable that is observed and measured in an experiment is called a __________ variable.
The variable that is observed and measured in an experiment is called a __________ variable.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of hypothesis with its description:
Match the type of hypothesis with its description:
Signup and view all the answers
What is a control variable?
What is a control variable?
Signup and view all the answers
An extraneous variable is a factor that does not influence the dependent variable in research.
An extraneous variable is a factor that does not influence the dependent variable in research.
Signup and view all the answers
Give an example of a dependent variable in a study assessing the effect of study habits on exam scores.
Give an example of a dependent variable in a study assessing the effect of study habits on exam scores.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of experimental research?
What is the main purpose of experimental research?
Signup and view all the answers
Correlational studies can determine causal relationships.
Correlational studies can determine causal relationships.
Signup and view all the answers
What method is used to ensure that participants have an equal chance of being in either group in an experiment?
What method is used to ensure that participants have an equal chance of being in either group in an experiment?
Signup and view all the answers
In an experiment, the group exposed to violent television is called the ______ group.
In an experiment, the group exposed to violent television is called the ______ group.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of survey research?
Which of the following is a characteristic of survey research?
Signup and view all the answers
Experimental research can conclude that a specific factor produces a certain outcome if controlled for confounds.
Experimental research can conclude that a specific factor produces a certain outcome if controlled for confounds.
Signup and view all the answers
Concepts must be transformed into ______ in research to specify what is going to be measured.
Concepts must be transformed into ______ in research to specify what is going to be measured.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the research method with its description:
Match the research method with its description:
Signup and view all the answers
What type of hypothesis shows a relationship between two or more dependent and independent variables?
What type of hypothesis shows a relationship between two or more dependent and independent variables?
Signup and view all the answers
Qualitative research is primarily expressed in numbers and graphs.
Qualitative research is primarily expressed in numbers and graphs.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of qualitative research?
What is the primary focus of qualitative research?
Signup and view all the answers
The supposed inclination of study subjects to change their behavior because they are being observed is called the ________ effect.
The supposed inclination of study subjects to change their behavior because they are being observed is called the ________ effect.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following research methods with their characteristics:
Match the following research methods with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a common qualitative research method?
Which of the following is NOT a common qualitative research method?
Signup and view all the answers
Quantitative research can be used to establish generalizable facts about a topic.
Quantitative research can be used to establish generalizable facts about a topic.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one risk of bias associated with qualitative research.
Name one risk of bias associated with qualitative research.
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key benefit of mixed methods research?
What is a key benefit of mixed methods research?
Signup and view all the answers
Participatory action research involves participants as co-researchers.
Participatory action research involves participants as co-researchers.
Signup and view all the answers
Who first coined the term 'action research'?
Who first coined the term 'action research'?
Signup and view all the answers
Mixed methods research is often used in the fields of __________ and __________ sciences.
Mixed methods research is often used in the fields of __________ and __________ sciences.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of action research with their characteristics:
Match the following types of action research with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
Action research is designed primarily to contribute to a theoretical body of knowledge.
Action research is designed primarily to contribute to a theoretical body of knowledge.
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of action research is aimed at addressing specific issues effectively?
Which type of action research is aimed at addressing specific issues effectively?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of action research?
What is the primary goal of action research?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Research Design
- Research design encompasses diverse approaches
- Experimental and correlational designs are common methods.
Correlational Research
- Scientists passively observe and measure phenomena
- Researchers do not intervene or change behavior
- Goal is to identify patterns of relationships, not cause and effect
- Only two variables can be examined at a time.
Example of Correlational Research
- Researcher asked children about violent TV watched
- Observed children's aggression
- Data shows a positive correlation between violent TV and aggression
- Correlation does not equal causation.
Experimental Research
- Designed to test hypotheses and explain how factors produce outcomes
- Variables are manipulated to see their effects
- Goal is to determine cause-and-effect relationships
- Variables are controlled in a controlled setting.
- Variables or factors must be operationalized
- Randomization is used to control variables, create experimental & control groups.
Example of Experimental Research
- Researchers exposed children to different types of TV (violent/non-violent)
- Measured their aggression levels
- Determined whether violent TV exposure increased aggression compared to non-violent.
Survey Research
- Method of collecting structured data from individuals
- Used to gain deeper insights into thoughts, behaviors, or experiences related to a specific topic.
- Common qualitative methods: Interviews with open-ended questions, observations, literature reviews.
Strengths of Survey Design
- Accessible and efficient way for respondents to share their perspectives
- Organizations use it to quickly gauge public opinions
- Helps identify trends, issues, and areas for improvement
- Widely used for academic, business, and government research.
Key Strengths of Survey Research-
- Provides a snapshot of trends or opinions
- Allows for generalization of findings
- Useful for testing hypotheses and tracking changes
- Serves as the foundation for more in-depth studies.
Field Research
- Qualitative method focusing on observing and interacting with people in a natural setting
- Observational data collection, informal interviews, surveys, and analysis of documents
- Used by social and natural scientists
Hypothesis and Types
- Hypothesis is a tentative answer to a research question
- It's tested, falsifiable, and realistic
- Hypotheses can be classified as null, simple, directional, complex, non-directional, causal, and associative.
Variables in Hypothesis
- The relationship between variables is hypothesized
- Independent variable is changed or controlled by researchers
- Dependent variable is observed and measured by researchers
Types of Hypotheses (further detail)
- Null Hypothesis: Asserts no relationship between variables
- Simple Hypothesis: Shows relationship between two variables (dependent & independent)
- Directional Hypothesis: Makes a prediction about the direction of a relationship between variables.
- Complex Hypothesis: Considers the relationship between more than two variables
- Non-directional Hypothesis: Predicts a relationship between variables, but not its direction.
Quantitative and Qualitative Research
- Qualitative Research: Expressed in words, used to understand concepts, thoughts, or experiences
- Quantitative Research: Expressed in numbers and graphs, for testing or confirming theories, establishing facts
Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods
- Qualitative Examples: Interviews with open-ended questions; literature reviews; observations.
- Quantitative Examples: Experiments, number-based observations; surveys with closed-ended questions.
Mixed Methods Research
- Combines quantitative and qualitative techniques to get a more complete picture of research questions
- Often used in the behavioral, health, and social sciences
- This method can look for a correlation & explore reasons.
Action Research
- Aims to simultaneously investigate and solve an issue within a community
- Focuses primarily on practical considerations and solving immediate problems
- Key: Community involvement, iterative process
Types of Action Research
- Participatory and Practical (both emphasize community members as co-researchers)
Contents of a Research Presentation
- Definition
- Importance
- Steps
- Research problem
- Review of Literature
- Understanding Hypothesis
Welcome to Research
Basic Steps of Scientific Research
- Select a topic
- Review relevant research
- Define aims and objectives
- Develop hypotheses/questions
- Determine methodology
- Collect data
- Analyze and interpret
- Present results
Scientific Method (Flow Chart)
- Identify the research question
- Literature search & gathering info
- Develop hypothesis/hypotheses
- Planning research collection methods
- Collecting data
- Organizing & analyzing data
- Interpreting data & drawing conclusions
- Communicating the results
Defining the Question
- Narrowing topics and selecting a specific question
- Considering interest, feasibility, importance, and resources.
Factors to Consider
- Research topics must be novel, interesting, relevant, feasible, and ethical
- Research must answer a question or solve a problem
Getting Started
- Identify a topic, conduct background research & familiarize yourself with recent advances in the area
- Focus on finding areas that haven't been thoroughly examined
- Carefully consider whether your topic fits the scope of your overall research program or project.
Focusing on the Problem
- Understand the issue
- Find out existing info to gain understanding
- Locate resources to gather info; ask yourself important questions about your topic
- Look at similar previous studies
Reviewing the Literature
- Critical assessment of previous research
- Focus on conceptual frameworks and what other researchers have done
- Understanding strengths and weaknesses of existing research.
- Helps to establish originality
Guidelines for Literature Review
- Search through libraries & online resources
- Record necessary details (references, date, author)
Forming a Hypothesis
- Hypothesis creation, based on previous research
- Testable, falsifiable, and realistic
- Must be formulated correctly to guide the experiment
How to Write a Hypothesis
- The design & execution of research heavily relies on creating solid hypotheses
- Mistakes in this phase can often lead to flawed or inaccurate findings
The Three-Step Process
- Phase 1: Creating general hypotheses
- Phase 2: Designing the research experiment
- Phase 3: Statistical analysis to test or reject hypotheses
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your understanding of correlational research and its applications. This quiz covers key concepts like the purpose of correlation, valid conclusions, and the relationship between variables. It's designed for students learning about research methods in psychology and social sciences.
