Correlational Research Concepts Quiz
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main goal of correlational research?

  • To identify patterns of relationships between two variables (correct)
  • To test a hypothesis
  • To manipulate variables
  • To establish cause and effect relationships

In correlational research, more than two variables can be examined simultaneously.

False (B)

What type of research allows scientists to measure phenomena without intervention?

Correlational research

A strong positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable __________.

<p>also increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can we conclude from correlation research regarding violent television and aggression?

<p>There is a strong relationship, but causality cannot be concluded (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements related to correlational research:

<p>Correlational Research = Observes without intervention Causation = Cannot be concluded from correlation Aggression Score = Measured from children's behavior Two Variables = Only examined at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children who watch more violent TV are guaranteed to have higher aggression scores.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the provided data, what is the aggression score for a child that watches 11 hours of violent television?

<p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of using survey research?

<p>It can quickly gauge public opinions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Field research is primarily a quantitative method of data collection.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a hypothesis in research?

<p>To state predictions about what the research will find.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A hypothesis must be _____, meaning it can be supported through scientific research methods.

<p>testable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following research methods with their descriptions:

<p>Survey Research = A method to gauge opinions or trends quickly Field Research = Qualitative observations in natural settings Hypothesis = A predictive statement based on theories Variables = Elements that a hypothesis proposes a relationship between</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hypotheses is true?

<p>A hypothesis can address different aspects of a research question. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship do hypotheses typically propose?

<p>A relationship between two or more types of variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Survey research can only provide qualitative data.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an independent variable?

<p>A variable that is changed or controlled by the researcher (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A null hypothesis asserts that two factors or groups are dependent on each other.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypothesis predicts a positive or negative change between two variables?

<p>Directional hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The variable that is observed and measured in an experiment is called a __________ variable.

<p>dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of hypothesis with its description:

<p>Null Hypothesis = States that one variable doesn't affect the other Simple Hypothesis = Shows the relationship between dependent and independent variables Directional Hypothesis = Predicts the direction of the relationship between two variables Causal Hypothesis = Suggests a cause-and-effect relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a control variable?

<p>A variable that is held constant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An extraneous variable is a factor that does not influence the dependent variable in research.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a dependent variable in a study assessing the effect of study habits on exam scores.

<p>Exam scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of experimental research?

<p>To test hypotheses in a controlled setting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Correlational studies can determine causal relationships.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is used to ensure that participants have an equal chance of being in either group in an experiment?

<p>randomization</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment, the group exposed to violent television is called the ______ group.

<p>experimental</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of survey research?

<p>It relies on structured questions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Experimental research can conclude that a specific factor produces a certain outcome if controlled for confounds.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Concepts must be transformed into ______ in research to specify what is going to be measured.

<p>variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the research method with its description:

<p>Experimental Research = Testing hypotheses in controlled settings Correlational Study = Identifying relationships between variables Survey Research = Collecting structured data from respondents Observational Study = Gathering data through observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypothesis shows a relationship between two or more dependent and independent variables?

<p>Complex hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative research is primarily expressed in numbers and graphs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of qualitative research?

<p>Understanding concepts, thoughts, or experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The supposed inclination of study subjects to change their behavior because they are being observed is called the ________ effect.

<p>Hawthorne</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following research methods with their characteristics:

<p>Qualitative Research = Expressed in words, focuses on understanding concepts Quantitative Research = Expressed in numbers, tests theories Mixed Methods Research = Combines qualitative and quantitative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common qualitative research method?

<p>Experiments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quantitative research can be used to establish generalizable facts about a topic.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one risk of bias associated with qualitative research.

<p>Recall bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of mixed methods research?

<p>It allows for a more comprehensive understanding by integrating both qualitative and quantitative methods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Participatory action research involves participants as co-researchers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who first coined the term 'action research'?

<p>Kurt Lewin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mixed methods research is often used in the fields of __________ and __________ sciences.

<p>behavioral, health</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of action research with their characteristics:

<p>Participatory Action Research = Empowers community members and involves them as co-researchers Practical Action Research = Focuses on solving specific issues through research</p> Signup and view all the answers

Action research is designed primarily to contribute to a theoretical body of knowledge.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of action research is aimed at addressing specific issues effectively?

<p>Practical action research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of action research?

<p>To investigate and solve issues simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Correlational Research

A research method where researchers passively observe and measure phenomena to find relationships between variables without intervening.

Correlational relationships

Relationships between variables that are observed and measured but do not imply causation.

Variables in a correlational study

Correlational studies examine only two variables at a time.

Positive Correlation

A relationship where an increase in one variable tends to be associated with an increase in the other.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Causation

When one variable directly causes changes in another.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Correlation Example

Watching violent TV and aggression. Increases in one variable tend to be associated with increases in the other.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Limitations of Correlations

The correlation between two variables does not necessarily mean one causes the other (e.g., child aggression and TV watched).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Third Variable

A variable not measured in a study that may be influencing the relationship between the two measured variables.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Experimental Research

A research method designed to test hypotheses in a controlled setting to explore how factors influence outcomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Variable

Anything that can change in value.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Operationalization

Transforming concepts into measurable variables in research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Experimental Group

The group in an experiment exposed to a specific treatment or condition (e.g., violent TV).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Control Group

The group in an experiment not exposed to the treatment or condition (e.g., nonviolent TV).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Randomization

Assigning participants to groups randomly to create roughly equal groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypothesis

A specific statement about the relationship between variables.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Survey Research

A research method using surveys to collect data on thoughts, behaviors, and experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Field Research

A qualitative method of data collection involving observing and interacting with people in their natural environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Variables in Hypotheses

Hypotheses propose relationships between different types of variables to be studied.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Qualitative Research

A type of research that focuses on gathering descriptive information, rather than numerical data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Testable Hypothesis

A hypothesis that can be supported or rejected through scientific research methods (experiments, observations, or data analysis).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Actionable Solutions

Results from research that can be used to improve situations or solve problems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generalizable Findings

Research conclusions that can apply to a broader population or situation beyond the specific study.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Complex Hypothesis

A hypothesis that explores relationships between two or more variables, both independent and dependent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Directional Hypothesis

A hypothesis that suggests a relationship between variables but doesn't specify the direction of that relationship.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Associative Hypothesis

A hypothesis where a change in one variable directly affects another variable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Causal Hypothesis

A hypothesis that establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hawthorne Effect

The tendency of people to change their behavior when they know they are being observed or studied.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mixed Methods Research

Research that combines quantitative and qualitative research methods to comprehensively answer a research question.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mixed methods

Combines quantitative and qualitative research methods to gain a more comprehensive understanding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Action research

A research approach that aims to simultaneously solve a problem while investigating it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Participatory action research

Research where participants directly affected by the issue are involved in the research process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Practical action research

Focuses on solving specific issues through research, emphasizing the application of findings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why use mixed methods?

Provides a more complete picture by integrating the benefits of both quantitative and qualitative research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Where is mixed methods used?

Often used in the behavioral, health, and social sciences, particularly in multidisciplinary settings or complex research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Independent Variable

The factor a researcher manipulates or changes in an experiment. It's the presumed cause of the effect being measured.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dependent Variable

The factor that a researcher observes and measures in an experiment. It's the presumed effect of the independent variable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Control Variable

A factor that's held constant during an experiment to ensure other factors don't influence the results.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Extraneous Variable

Any factor, other than the intended independent variable, that could potentially impact the dependent variable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Null Hypothesis

A statement that there is no relationship between the variables being studied. It predicts that any observed difference is due to chance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Directional Hypothesis

A prediction that states the expected direction of the relationship between variables - whether it's positive or negative.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable?

An independent variable is the factor that a researcher manipulates or changes in an experiment. It's thought to be the 'cause' in a cause-and-effect relationship. In contrast, the dependent variable is what the researcher observes and measures. It's the presumed 'effect' of the independent variable change.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Research Design

  • Research design encompasses diverse approaches
  • Experimental and correlational designs are common methods.

Correlational Research

  • Scientists passively observe and measure phenomena
  • Researchers do not intervene or change behavior
  • Goal is to identify patterns of relationships, not cause and effect
  • Only two variables can be examined at a time.

Example of Correlational Research

  • Researcher asked children about violent TV watched
  • Observed children's aggression
  • Data shows a positive correlation between violent TV and aggression
  • Correlation does not equal causation.

Experimental Research

  • Designed to test hypotheses and explain how factors produce outcomes
  • Variables are manipulated to see their effects
  • Goal is to determine cause-and-effect relationships
  • Variables are controlled in a controlled setting.
  • Variables or factors must be operationalized
  • Randomization is used to control variables, create experimental & control groups.

Example of Experimental Research

  • Researchers exposed children to different types of TV (violent/non-violent)
  • Measured their aggression levels
  • Determined whether violent TV exposure increased aggression compared to non-violent.

Survey Research

  • Method of collecting structured data from individuals
  • Used to gain deeper insights into thoughts, behaviors, or experiences related to a specific topic.
  • Common qualitative methods: Interviews with open-ended questions, observations, literature reviews.

Strengths of Survey Design

  • Accessible and efficient way for respondents to share their perspectives
  • Organizations use it to quickly gauge public opinions
  • Helps identify trends, issues, and areas for improvement
  • Widely used for academic, business, and government research.

Key Strengths of Survey Research-

  • Provides a snapshot of trends or opinions
  • Allows for generalization of findings
  • Useful for testing hypotheses and tracking changes
  • Serves as the foundation for more in-depth studies.

Field Research

  • Qualitative method focusing on observing and interacting with people in a natural setting
  • Observational data collection, informal interviews, surveys, and analysis of documents
  • Used by social and natural scientists

Hypothesis and Types

  • Hypothesis is a tentative answer to a research question
  • It's tested, falsifiable, and realistic
  • Hypotheses can be classified as null, simple, directional, complex, non-directional, causal, and associative.

Variables in Hypothesis

  • The relationship between variables is hypothesized
  • Independent variable is changed or controlled by researchers
  • Dependent variable is observed and measured by researchers

Types of Hypotheses (further detail)

  • Null Hypothesis: Asserts no relationship between variables
  • Simple Hypothesis: Shows relationship between two variables (dependent & independent)
  • Directional Hypothesis: Makes a prediction about the direction of a relationship between variables.
  • Complex Hypothesis: Considers the relationship between more than two variables
  • Non-directional Hypothesis: Predicts a relationship between variables, but not its direction.

Quantitative and Qualitative Research

  • Qualitative Research: Expressed in words, used to understand concepts, thoughts, or experiences
  • Quantitative Research: Expressed in numbers and graphs, for testing or confirming theories, establishing facts

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods

  • Qualitative Examples: Interviews with open-ended questions; literature reviews; observations.
  • Quantitative Examples: Experiments, number-based observations; surveys with closed-ended questions.

Mixed Methods Research

  • Combines quantitative and qualitative techniques to get a more complete picture of research questions
  • Often used in the behavioral, health, and social sciences
  • This method can look for a correlation & explore reasons.

Action Research

  • Aims to simultaneously investigate and solve an issue within a community
  • Focuses primarily on practical considerations and solving immediate problems
  • Key: Community involvement, iterative process

Types of Action Research

  • Participatory and Practical (both emphasize community members as co-researchers)

Contents of a Research Presentation

  • Definition
  • Importance
  • Steps
  • Research problem
  • Review of Literature
  • Understanding Hypothesis

Welcome to Research

Basic Steps of Scientific Research

  • Select a topic
  • Review relevant research
  • Define aims and objectives
  • Develop hypotheses/questions
  • Determine methodology
  • Collect data
  • Analyze and interpret
  • Present results

Scientific Method (Flow Chart)

  • Identify the research question
  • Literature search & gathering info
  • Develop hypothesis/hypotheses
  • Planning research collection methods
  • Collecting data
  • Organizing & analyzing data
  • Interpreting data & drawing conclusions
  • Communicating the results

Defining the Question

  • Narrowing topics and selecting a specific question
  • Considering interest, feasibility, importance, and resources.

Factors to Consider

  • Research topics must be novel, interesting, relevant, feasible, and ethical
  • Research must answer a question or solve a problem

Getting Started

  • Identify a topic, conduct background research & familiarize yourself with recent advances in the area
  • Focus on finding areas that haven't been thoroughly examined
  • Carefully consider whether your topic fits the scope of your overall research program or project.

Focusing on the Problem

  • Understand the issue
  • Find out existing info to gain understanding
  • Locate resources to gather info; ask yourself important questions about your topic
  • Look at similar previous studies

Reviewing the Literature

  • Critical assessment of previous research
  • Focus on conceptual frameworks and what other researchers have done
  • Understanding strengths and weaknesses of existing research.
  • Helps to establish originality

Guidelines for Literature Review

  • Search through libraries & online resources
  • Record necessary details (references, date, author)

Forming a Hypothesis

  • Hypothesis creation, based on previous research
  • Testable, falsifiable, and realistic
  • Must be formulated correctly to guide the experiment

How to Write a Hypothesis

  • The design & execution of research heavily relies on creating solid hypotheses
  • Mistakes in this phase can often lead to flawed or inaccurate findings

The Three-Step Process

  • Phase 1: Creating general hypotheses
  • Phase 2: Designing the research experiment
  • Phase 3: Statistical analysis to test or reject hypotheses

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Research Design: Experimental and Correlational Methods PDF

Description

Test your understanding of correlational research and its applications. This quiz covers key concepts like the purpose of correlation, valid conclusions, and the relationship between variables. It's designed for students learning about research methods in psychology and social sciences.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser