30 Questions
Which type of fusion protein tends to form trimers and has two distinct conformations?
Class I fusion proteins
What is the role of the fusion peptide in virus-induced membrane fusion?
Gets inserted into the target cellular membrane during virus-induced membrane fusion
What is the primary characteristic of Class II fusion proteins?
Mostly beta-sheets and tend to form dimers
What is the energy requirement for membrane fusion mediated by viral fusogens?
Does not need ATP/metabolic energy due to conformation changes and energy presence
Where does RNA polymerase begin transcription?
At the 3’ end
What is the function of ERGIC in virus assembly?
Transport, processing, and modification of proteins
What is the role of M and E proteins in virus envelop formation?
They are sufficient for forming enveloped virus-like particles
What happens to virions as they transit through Golgi membrane?
They acquire smaller and more uniformly dense cores
What may help with genome repair and/or generate new viral strains/variants?
$3’$ TRS template switching
How are subgenomic ‘-‘ strands used to make a ‘+’ strand mRNA?
$3’$ TRS template switching
Which protein is responsible for viral entry and tropism?
Spike (S) protein
What is the composition of the replicase gene (gene 1)?
ORF1a and ORF1b partially overlapping reading frames
What assists with replication and packaging of the viral genome?
RNA helicase and nucleoside triphosphatase
What is the structure of coronavirus nucleocapsids?
Formed from viral N-protein bound to viral RNA in a helical fashion
Which cellular receptors do spike proteins bind to?
$\text{ACE2}$, $\text{TMPRSS2}$, aminopeptidase-N, sialic acid, $\text{L-SIGN}$
What mediates entry via fusion and can cause the formation of syncytia?
$\text{Spike}$ protein
What are the site of viral RNA synthesis?
Replication complexes
What are the components of corona virions' envelope proteins?
Spike (S), Membrane (M), Envelope (E), Nucleocapsid (N)
What assists with replication and packaging of the viral genome?
Nucleoside triphosphatase and RNA polymerase
Which cellular structure do many DNA viruses use for replication?
Nucleus
What is a target for antiviral drugs in the virus replication cycle?
Virus uncoating
What are specific inhibitors and agents used to interfere with for internalization of viruses?
Membrane fusion
What is a characteristic of coronaviruses?
Positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome
What is a strategy for viruses to pass through the nuclear membrane?
$ATP$-dependent transport through nuclear pores
What do non-enveloped viruses utilize to penetrate host membranes?
Cellular transport systems
What is an advantage of broad-spectrum antivirals?
Minimize the risk of antiviral resistance development
How do enveloped viruses enter the nucleus?
Endocytosis followed by fusion with nuclear membrane
What is a characteristic of SARS and COVID-19?
SARS and COVID-19 are caused by coronaviruses
How can virus entry be prevented?
Neutralizing antibodies and receptor occupation
What is an example of an antiviral strategy targeting virus uncoating?
Interference with virus uncoating
Study Notes
Virus Replication and Antiviral Strategies
- Non-enveloped viruses penetrate host membranes without lysis or rupture
- Viruses utilize cellular transport systems for efficient transport to the cytosol
- Many DNA viruses use the nucleus for replication and can establish latency
- Strategies for viruses to pass through the nuclear membrane
- Various ways for viruses to enter the nucleus, including during mitosis
- Every step in the virus replication cycle is a target for antiviral drugs
- Different ways to prevent virus entry, including neutralizing antibodies and receptor occupation
- Specific inhibitors and agents used to interfere with cellular processes for internalization
- Antiviral strategies targeting membrane fusion and uncoating of capsids
- Advantages and disadvantages of narrow and broad spectrum antivirals
- Characteristics of coronaviruses, including structure and genome
- Overview of the history, impact, and characteristics of SARS and COVID-19
Test your knowledge on the structure and composition of coronavirus, including nucleocapsids, core structure, and envelope proteins.
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