40 Questions
What happens when an ectopic focus in the ventricles generates an impulse?
A premature ventricular contraction occurs.
What can cause a small region of the heart to become hyperexcitable?
Too much caffeine or nicotine.
What is the result of a premature contraction?
A pause followed by a stronger contraction.
What is the normal site of impulse generation in the heart?
SA node.
What can occur if an ectopic focus is in the ventricles?
A premature ventricular contraction.
What is the consequence of an ectopic focus generating an impulse before the SA node?
A premature contraction.
What is the effect of a premature contraction on the heartbeat?
It leads to a compensatory pause.
What is the result of an ectopic focus in the SA node?
A premature atrial contraction.
What is a result of high calcium salt deposits in the aortic valve?
Stiff flaps
What is a common feature of people with perfectly healthy hearts?
Thin heart walls
What happens to the heart in Aortic Stenosis?
Left ventricle hypertrophies
What increases due to a stenotic aortic valve?
Afterload
What is a result of repeated bacterial infection in the heart?
Endocarditis
What is a characteristic of people with incompetent aortic valve?
Scar tissue in the heart
What happens to the heart in diastole?
Heart relaxes and fills with blood
What is a result of aortic valve stenosis?
Left ventricle hypertrophy
What is the medical emergency that requires Basic Life Support?
Asystole
What is the characteristic of ventricular fibrillation in an ECG?
Rapid, irregular QRS complexes
What is the result of uncoordinated contraction of the ventricles?
Useless pumping of blood
What is the treatment for ventricular fibrillation?
Defibrillation
What is the consequence of asystole if it persists for several minutes?
Sudden cardiac death
What is the term for the quivering of the ventricles?
Ventricular fibrillation
What is the location of damage associated with ventricular fibrillation?
Ventricular muscles
What is the term for the absence of electrical activity in the heart?
Asystole
What is the consequence of cardiac tamponade on the heart?
Failure of cardiac contraction
What is the result of a faulty valve in the heart?
Backflow of blood and increased workload
What is the purpose of replacing a faulty valve with a synthetic valve?
To prevent backflow of blood and reduce workload
What is the consequence of increased pre-load on the heart?
Hypertension and heart weakness
What is the result of a deformed valve in the heart?
Leaky valve and backflow of blood
What is the consequence of a leaky valve in the heart?
Backflow of blood and increased workload
What is the purpose of using cryopreserved human valves in heart valve replacement?
To provide a more natural and compatible valve replacement
What is the consequence of obstruction in the arteries?
Hypertension and heart weakness
What is the result of the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in medium/large arteries?
Disruption of blood flow to the myocardium
What is the term for the condition where the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen?
Angina pectoris
What is the result of prolonged O2 deprivation of the myocardium?
Cell death and infarction
What is the term for the procedure of surgically grafting a new artery to bypass a blocked coronary artery?
Coronary artery bypass grafting
What is the result of plaque rupture in the coronary arteries?
Thrombosis and blockage
What is the term for the condition where the heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen?
Myocardial infarction
What is the purpose of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty?
To open up a blocked coronary artery using a catheter
What is the term for the condition where the coronary arteries are blocked, reducing blood flow to the myocardium?
Myocardial ischemia
Study Notes
Coronary Artery Disease
- Coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty are treatments for acute coronary syndrome.
- Formation of atherosclerotic plaques in medium/large arteries can lead to blockage of blood flow to the heart, causing angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death.
- Ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart is reduced or blocked, leading to infarction and cardiac death.
Heart Conditions
- Cardiac tamponade: fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity, leading to compression of the heart and impeding its function.
- Myocardial infarction (heart attack): cells die due to lack of oxygen, causing damage to the heart muscle.
- Heart failure: inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling.
Valve Problems
- Stenotic valve: narrowing of the valve orifice, reducing blood flow and increasing pressure on the heart.
- Incompetent valve: leaky valve, allowing backflow of blood into the heart chamber.
- Valve replacement: surgical procedure to replace faulty valves with artificial or biological valves.
Heart Rhythm Problems
- Premature contractions: abnormal heartbeats that occur earlier than expected, caused by ectopic focus or external factors like caffeine and nicotine.
- Ventricular fibrillation: uncoordinated contraction of the ventricles, leading to ineffective pumping and potentially causing cardiac death.
- Ventricular tachycardia: rapid heart rate that originates from the ventricles, potentially leading to cardiac arrest.
This quiz tests your knowledge on coronary artery bypass surgery, its relation to acute coronary syndrome, and the medications used to treat it.
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