COPD Concept Map Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is COPD?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a preventable and treatable slow progressive respiratory disease.

Is COPD reversible?

False

What are the two types of respiratory diseases associated with COPD?

Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema.

What is chronic bronchitis?

A disease caused by smoking where bronchi become inflamed and clogged with mucus, leading to cough and sputum production. Signup and view all the answers

What is emphysema?

Destruction of alveolar air sacs leading to loss of elastic recoil and airway collapse during exhalation. Signup and view all the answers

What is cor pulmonale?

Right side heart failure due to long-term hypertension in pulmonary arteries. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of emphysema?

Panlobular and Centrilobular. Signup and view all the answers

What is panlobular emphysema?

Destruction of bronchiole, alveolar ducts, and alveoli leading to lobule enlargement and hyperinflation. Signup and view all the answers

What is centrilobular emphysema?

Most common form of emphysema strongly associated with cigarette smoking. Signup and view all the answers

What are risk factors for COPD?

Smoking (the number one risk factor), dust, chemicals, air pollution, and deficiency in alpha₁-antitrypsin. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three most common symptoms of COPD?

Chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea leading to barrel chest. Signup and view all the answers

What are some complications of COPD?

Pneumonia, chronic atelectasis, pneumothorax, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (Cor Pulmonale). Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types and grades of COPD and their medical management?

Grade 1: Short acting bronchodilator; Grade 2 or 3: Short acting bronchodilator with regular long acting; Grade 3 or 4: Regular treatment with bronchodilator and corticosteroids. Signup and view all the answers

What are some cautions with oxygen therapy in COPD patients?

Patients may be more sensitive to O2; too much O2 can cause retention of CO2, leading to respiratory depression. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first management step for exacerbation in the ED?

Give oxygen first, then assess if life-threatening; follow with bronchodilator, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored and managed for potential complications in COPD?

Assess for life-threatening respiratory failure, infection, and chronic atelectasis. Signup and view all the answers

What should patients be educated about for self-care in COPD?

Assess knowledge, explain medication side effects, teach early signs of infection, promote smoking cessation, and encourage exercise as tolerated. Signup and view all the answers

What are some interventions for impaired gas exchange?

Monitor respiratory rate, pulse oximetry, O2 therapy, high Fowler's position, and bronchodilators. Signup and view all the answers

What are some interventions for ineffective airway clearance?

Hydration, teaching directed coughing, chest physiotherapy, and use of nebulizers. Signup and view all the answers

What are some interventions for altered nutrition in COPD patients?

Mouth care before meals, small frequent meals high in protein and calories, and monitoring food intake. Signup and view all the answers

When should activities be gradually increased for COPD patients?

Activities should be paced throughout the day, scheduled after medications and respiratory therapy, and based on symptom tolerance. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

COPD Overview

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable progressive respiratory condition.
COPD is not fully reversible.

Types of Respiratory Diseases in COPD

Chronic Bronchitis: Inflammation and mucus buildup in bronchi often due to smoking, characterized by a persistent cough and sputum production.
Emphysema: Destruction of alveolar air sacs leading to loss of elastic recoil, airway collapse, obstruction, and air trapping. Symptoms include hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis, and cor pulmonale.

Cor Pulmonale

Right-sided heart failure caused by prolonged hypertension in pulmonary arteries.
Symptoms include dependent edema, distended neck veins, and liver pain.

Emphysema Variants

Panlobular Emphysema: Severe form causing bronchiole, alveolar duct, and alveolar destruction, resulting in hyperinflation and dyspnea requiring muscular effort.
Centrilobular Emphysema: Most common type, closely linked to cigarette smoking, resulting in hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and symptoms leading to central cyanosis and respiratory failure.

Risk Factors for COPD

Smoking is the primary risk factor.
Other contributors include dust, chemicals, air pollution, and alpha₁-antitrypsin deficiency.

Common Symptoms

Chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea, often causing barrel chest formation.

Potential Complications

Associated complications include pneumonia, chronic atelectasis, pneumothorax, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (cor pulmonale).

Medical Management of COPD

Grade 1: Short-acting bronchodilator.
Grades 2 or 3: Short-acting bronchodilator plus regular long-acting bronchodilator.
Grades 3 or 4: Regular treatment with bronchodilators and corticosteroids.

Oxygen Therapy Cautions

Patients may be sensitive to oxygen; excessive oxygen can lead to CO2 retention and respiratory depression, especially in patients with hypercapnia and elevated PaCO2 levels (35-45 mm/Hg).

Management of Exacerbation in Emergency Department

Administer oxygen first, then assess for life-threatening conditions; followed by bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics if necessary.

Monitoring Complications

Evaluate for life-threatening respiratory failure, infections, and chronic atelectasis.

Patient Self-Care Education

Assess patient knowledge; explain medication side effects.
Teach early signs of infection; promote smoking cessation.
For mild cases: promote exercise tolerance to prevent further respiratory function loss.
For severe cases: focus on preserving function and relieving symptoms.

Impaired Gas Exchange Interventions

Monitor respiratory rate, pulse oximetry, and peak flow.
Administer 1-3L/min of oxygen via nasal prongs.
Position patient in High Fowler's (60-90 degrees).
Utilize inhaled bronchodilators and oral corticosteroids.
Evaluate smoking status and exposure to pollutants.

Ineffective Airway Clearance Interventions

Encourage hydration (8-10 glasses of water daily).
Teach directed coughing and diaphragmatic breathing.
Implement chest physiotherapy techniques (clapping, percussion, vibration, postural drainage).
Use nebulizers as needed.

Altered Nutrition Interventions

Perform mouth care before meals and as needed.
Suggest small, frequent meals that are high in protein and calories.
Monitor food intake, weight, and serum hemoglobin and albumin levels.

Activity Management

Gradually increase activities; pace throughout the day.
Schedule activities around medication administration and respiratory therapy.
Encourage participation in activities of daily living and establish a regular exercise regime.
Promote activity to the level of the patient's symptom tolerance.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) through these flashcards. Learn key definitions, the irreversibility of the condition, and the types of respiratory diseases associated with COPD. This quiz is a valuable resource for students and healthcare professionals alike.