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What is COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a preventable and treatable slow progressive respiratory disease.
Is COPD reversible?
False
What are the two types of respiratory diseases associated with COPD?
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema.
What is chronic bronchitis?
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What is emphysema?
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What is cor pulmonale?
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What are the two types of emphysema?
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What is panlobular emphysema?
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What is centrilobular emphysema?
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What are risk factors for COPD?
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What are the three most common symptoms of COPD?
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What are some complications of COPD?
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What are the different types and grades of COPD and their medical management?
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What are some cautions with oxygen therapy in COPD patients?
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What is the first management step for exacerbation in the ED?
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What should be monitored and managed for potential complications in COPD?
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What should patients be educated about for self-care in COPD?
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What are some interventions for impaired gas exchange?
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What are some interventions for ineffective airway clearance?
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What are some interventions for altered nutrition in COPD patients?
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When should activities be gradually increased for COPD patients?
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Study Notes
COPD Overview
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable progressive respiratory condition.
- COPD is not fully reversible.
Types of Respiratory Diseases in COPD
- Chronic Bronchitis: Inflammation and mucus buildup in bronchi often due to smoking, characterized by a persistent cough and sputum production.
- Emphysema: Destruction of alveolar air sacs leading to loss of elastic recoil, airway collapse, obstruction, and air trapping. Symptoms include hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis, and cor pulmonale.
Cor Pulmonale
- Right-sided heart failure caused by prolonged hypertension in pulmonary arteries.
- Symptoms include dependent edema, distended neck veins, and liver pain.
Emphysema Variants
- Panlobular Emphysema: Severe form causing bronchiole, alveolar duct, and alveolar destruction, resulting in hyperinflation and dyspnea requiring muscular effort.
- Centrilobular Emphysema: Most common type, closely linked to cigarette smoking, resulting in hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and symptoms leading to central cyanosis and respiratory failure.
Risk Factors for COPD
- Smoking is the primary risk factor.
- Other contributors include dust, chemicals, air pollution, and alpha₁-antitrypsin deficiency.
Common Symptoms
- Chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea, often causing barrel chest formation.
Potential Complications
- Associated complications include pneumonia, chronic atelectasis, pneumothorax, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (cor pulmonale).
Medical Management of COPD
- Grade 1: Short-acting bronchodilator.
- Grades 2 or 3: Short-acting bronchodilator plus regular long-acting bronchodilator.
- Grades 3 or 4: Regular treatment with bronchodilators and corticosteroids.
Oxygen Therapy Cautions
- Patients may be sensitive to oxygen; excessive oxygen can lead to CO2 retention and respiratory depression, especially in patients with hypercapnia and elevated PaCO2 levels (35-45 mm/Hg).
Management of Exacerbation in Emergency Department
- Administer oxygen first, then assess for life-threatening conditions; followed by bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics if necessary.
Monitoring Complications
- Evaluate for life-threatening respiratory failure, infections, and chronic atelectasis.
Patient Self-Care Education
- Assess patient knowledge; explain medication side effects.
- Teach early signs of infection; promote smoking cessation.
- For mild cases: promote exercise tolerance to prevent further respiratory function loss.
- For severe cases: focus on preserving function and relieving symptoms.
Impaired Gas Exchange Interventions
- Monitor respiratory rate, pulse oximetry, and peak flow.
- Administer 1-3L/min of oxygen via nasal prongs.
- Position patient in High Fowler's (60-90 degrees).
- Utilize inhaled bronchodilators and oral corticosteroids.
- Evaluate smoking status and exposure to pollutants.
Ineffective Airway Clearance Interventions
- Encourage hydration (8-10 glasses of water daily).
- Teach directed coughing and diaphragmatic breathing.
- Implement chest physiotherapy techniques (clapping, percussion, vibration, postural drainage).
- Use nebulizers as needed.
Altered Nutrition Interventions
- Perform mouth care before meals and as needed.
- Suggest small, frequent meals that are high in protein and calories.
- Monitor food intake, weight, and serum hemoglobin and albumin levels.
Activity Management
- Gradually increase activities; pace throughout the day.
- Schedule activities around medication administration and respiratory therapy.
- Encourage participation in activities of daily living and establish a regular exercise regime.
- Promote activity to the level of the patient's symptom tolerance.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) through these flashcards. Learn key definitions, the irreversibility of the condition, and the types of respiratory diseases associated with COPD. This quiz is a valuable resource for students and healthcare professionals alike.