Respiratory Diseases Overview

<p>Larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guarding the superior opening of the larynx during swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissolved in the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thickness of the respiratory membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Efficient gas exchange between well-ventilated areas and well-perfused capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a barrier for gas diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen transport relies on dissolved form in the plasma and bound form to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlarged alveoli and loss of elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The total amount of gas that flows in or out of the respiratory tract in one minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minute ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breaths per minute multiplied by tidal volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medullary control centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pontine respiratory center</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By pH levels in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce friction and assist in lung inflation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrapulmonary pressure exceeding atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volume changes in the thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enable deep or forced inspiration and expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dead space</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type II alveolar cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitate gas exchange between alveolar air and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillaries around alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Converted to bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equalizes gas pressures in the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic recoil of tissue and alveolar surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific muscles aid in deep inspiration and expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tidal volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To equalize gas pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inspiratory reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic recoil of lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrapleural pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased thoracic volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Airway resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure the total gas flow in and out of the respiratory tract per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolar ventilation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medullary control centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pontine respiratory center</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH levels in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To equalize gas pressures in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaphragm and intercostal muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve gas exchange efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vital capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraction of abdominal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional residual capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Henry's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High intrapulmonary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Airway resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance gas exchange efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anatomical dead space</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrapulmonary pressure gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased surfactant production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expiratory reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraction of accessory respiratory muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relaxation of the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vital capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of cartilage rings in the tracheal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Residual volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is higher than atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraction of accessory respiratory muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create a pressure gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elasticity of the chest wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaphragm and external intercostals muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolar surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expiratory reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bound to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Henry's law</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischemic hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>~20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventilation-perfusion coupling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bound oxygen to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guard the airway and aid in sound production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nasopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amplify the voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Move air and prepare it for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Pink puffers' and 'blue bloaters'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High metastatic potential of lung tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minute ventilation accounts for gas flow in and out of the respiratory tract, while alveolar ventilation rate focuses on gas exchange within the alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pontine respiratory center</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By integrating input from stretch and chemoreceptors to generate respiratory rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modifying inspiratory neurons and controlling activities like speech and sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolar ventilation rate considers only the air that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integrating input from stretch and chemoreceptors to generate respiratory rhythm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generating respiratory rhythm by integrating input from stretch receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pink puffers have predominant emphysema symptoms and appear pink due to hyperventilation. Blue bloaters have predominant chronic bronchitis symptoms and appear blue due to hypoxia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma is characterized by coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness. It is often due to bronchospasms and allergic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tuberculosis often presents with tubercles in the lungs, with drug-resistant strains and requiring lengthy therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung cancer types include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma, each with distinct characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking is a major risk factor for COPD, leading to damage of the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries, as well as excess mucus production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphysema involves enlarged alveoli, loss of elasticity, and damage to pulmonary capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic bronchitis results from excess mucus production and inflammation, while emphysema involves alveolar damage and loss of elasticity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>COPD exacerbation commonly presents with increased dyspnea, cough, and sputum production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In asthma, allergens trigger an immune response leading to airway inflammation, bronchospasm, and excessive mucus production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors like advanced stage at diagnosis, distant metastasis, and poor overall health can contribute to a poor prognosis in lung cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nose = Warm, cleanse, and humidify inhaled air Pharynx = Muscular funnel for air passage Larynx = Guarding the airway opening Trachea = Conducting air to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conducting zone = Moving air in and out Respiratory zone = Facilitating gas exchange in the lungs and tissues Internal respiration = Gas exchange in tissues External respiration = Gas exchange in lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary ventilation = Moving air in and out Gas exchange = Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Cellular respiration = Cells using oxygen to make ATP Phonation = Sound production in the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nasopharynx = Respiratory epithelium Oropharynx = Stratified squamous epithelium Laryngopharynx = Stratified squamous epithelium Alveoli = Thin respiratory membrane for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amplify the voice = Nose and nasal cavity function Sense of smell = Nose and nasal cavity function Aid in phonation = Larynx function Facilitate sound production = Larynx function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventilation-perfusion coupling = Matching airflow with blood flow for efficient gas exchange Respiratory membrane = Thin barrier for gas exchange in alveoli Total lung capacity = Maximum amount of air lungs can hold Minute ventilation = Total volume of air moved through lungs per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventral respiratory group = Generates respiratory rhythm Dorsal respiratory group = Integrates input from stretch and chemoreceptors Pontine respiratory center = Modifies inspiratory neurons Medullary control centers = Play a key role in generating respiratory rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minute ventilation = Total gas flow in or out of the respiratory tract in one minute Alveolar ventilation rate = Better measure of gas exchange Tidal volume = Volume of air moved into and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing Dead space volume = Volume of air that does not participate in gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gas exchange = Occurs in the alveoli between air and blood Warm, cleanse, and humidify inhaled air = Function of nasal passages and upper respiratory tract Pulmonary surfactant production = Reduces surface tension in alveoli Respiratory membrane function = Barrier for gas exchange in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH levels in the body = Affects control of respiration Intrapulmonary pressure changes = Help equalize gas pressures in the lungs Tracheal patency maintenance = Influenced by factors like cartilage and smooth muscle Gas dissolution law = States proportional relationship between gas dissolution and partial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic bronchitis = Involves excess mucus, inflammation, and fibrosis due to irritants Emphysema = Characterized by destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elasticity Tuberculosis = Respiratory disease contained in tubercles Lung cancer with nodules = Peripheral lung nodules found in this type of lung cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport in blood within the body = Primary mode for oxygen transport Carbon dioxide transport = Primarily through bicarbonate ions in the blood Forced ventilations function = Main role is to increase airflow during exertion Gas exchange purpose = Primary function is for oxygen to enter blood and carbon dioxide to be removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissolved in the plasma = 1.5% Bound to hemoglobin = ~20% Bicarbonate ion = ~70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissolved in the plasma = 7-10% contribution Bound to hemoglobin = Reversible binding regulated by several factors Carbaminohemoglobin = Part of carbon dioxide transport with ~20% contribution Bicarbonate ion = Formation and regulation, part of ~70% contribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemic = Decreased RBCs, abnormal Hb Ischemic = Blocked circulation Histotoxic = Normal oxygen delivery but cells unable to use it Hypoxemic = Reduced arterial O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphysema = Characterized by excess mucus, inflammation, and fibrosis Chronic bronchitis = Episodes of coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness Squamous cell carcinoma = Clusters of cells growing into the mediastinum Small cell carcinoma = Known for causing episodes of coughing, dyspnea, wheezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Boyle’s law = Describes the inverse relationship between pressure and volume of a gas Dalton’s law of partial pressure = Individual gases in a mixture exert their own pressure as if they alone occupied the volume Henry’s law = Gas dissolves in liquid in proportion to its partial pressure above the liquid Ventilation-perfusion coupling = Necessary for efficient gas exchange in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partial pressure gradients = Influence gas exchange in the lungs Gas solubilities = Influence gas exchange in the lungs Thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane = Crucial for efficient gas exchange Tissue gas exchange = Oxygen moves into tissues and CO2 moves into blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphysema = Enlarged alveoli, loss of elasticity, damage to pulmonary capillaries Chronic bronchitis = Excess mucus, inflammation, fibrosis, increased infections Asthma = Episodes of coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, chest tightness, bronchospasms Tuberculosis = Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, contained in tubercles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenocarcinoma = Peripheral lung nodules Squamous cell carcinoma = Epithelium of the bronchi, causes bleeding Small cell carcinoma = Clusters of cells that grow into the mediastinum Lung cancer = Leading cause of cancer death</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking = Major risk factor for COPD Pink puffers = COPD presentation based on symptoms and physical appearance Blue bloaters = COPD presentation based on symptoms and physical appearance Drug-resistant strains = Associated with lengthy therapy requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolar ventilation rate = Difference between inspired and expired air in alveoli per minute Ventilation-perfusion coupling = Matching of airflow and blood flow for efficient gas exchange Pleural fluid = Reduces friction during breathing movements in the lungs Respiratory membrane = Site of gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrapulmonary pressure = Plays a role in lung collapse during expiration Minute ventilation = Total volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute Forced expiration = Aids in increasing intrapulmonary pressure to expel air efficiently Tidal volume = Amount of air typically moved during normal quiet breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epiglottis function = Prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing Generation of respiratory rhythm = Involves input from stretch and chemoreceptors for breathing control Primary role of forced ventilations = Enhances gas exchange by expelling stale air from the lungs Total lung capacity effectors = Factors directly influencing the maximum volume of air lungs can hold</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epiglottis = Flap of tissue that guards the superior opening of the larynx Trachea = Rigid tube reinforced by C-shaped rings of cartilage Bronchioles = Air tubes lacking cartilage and having a layer of smooth muscle Alveoli = Tiny air sacs with a large surface area for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Main (primary) bronchi = First branches of the trachea leading into each lung Segmental (tertiary) bronchi = Smaller branches dividing further into bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles = Bronchioles with alveoli budding from their walls Terminal bronchioles = Bronchioles with no mucous glands, goblet cells, but have cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Squamous (type I) alveolar cells = Cells that form the majority of the alveolar wall for gas exchange Great (type II) alveolar cells = Cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant to reduce surface tension Alveolar macrophages = Cells that engulf and remove debris or pathogens in the alveoli Capillaries = Blood vessels surrounding alveoli for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lungs = Cone-shaped organs providing a large surface area for gas exchange Diaphragm = Muscle below the lungs responsible for inhalation and exhalation Costal surface = Lung surface pressed against the ribcage for support Pulmonary artery = Blood vessel supplying capillaries around alveoli for oxygen exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory membrane = Barrier between alveolar air and blood for gas exchange Elastic connective tissue = Contributes to lung recoil during exhalation Alveolar sacs = End structures where gas exchange takes place with capillaries Alveolar ducts = Structures connecting respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchial tree = Branching system of air tubes in each lung Glottis = Refers to vocal cords and opening between them for sound production Pleural fluid = Liquid reducing friction between lung and chest wall during breathing Mucociliary escalator = Cilia moving mucus up and out of the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hyaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>distally</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mucociliary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ribcage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>zones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>laryngopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>humidification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inflation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>collapsing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>irritants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycobacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers