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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of open-loop control in motor systems?
What is a key characteristic of open-loop control in motor systems?
- It requires continuous input from the sensory system.
- It relies on previously programmed instructions. (correct)
- It executes movements with real-time adjustments.
- It adapts movements based on feedback.
What defines the closed loop control processing in motor systems?
What defines the closed loop control processing in motor systems?
- It functions solely based on reflex responses.
- It removes the need for executive decision-making.
- Movement is executed without considering external changes.
- It relies on comparison between actual and expected sensory feedback. (correct)
Which response is characterized by a short burst of activity triggered by unexpected stretching of muscles?
Which response is characterized by a short burst of activity triggered by unexpected stretching of muscles?
- Feedback response
- Pre-programmed response
- M2 response
- M1 response (correct)
What aspect of movement control is most compromised in open-loop systems when faced with unexpected changes?
What aspect of movement control is most compromised in open-loop systems when faced with unexpected changes?
Which statement describes M2 responses in motor control?
Which statement describes M2 responses in motor control?
Which type of intrafusal fibre is characterized as large and fast conducting?
Which type of intrafusal fibre is characterized as large and fast conducting?
What occurs during the dynamic phase of muscle stretch?
What occurs during the dynamic phase of muscle stretch?
What component of the Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO) primarily responds to force?
What component of the Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO) primarily responds to force?
What is the primary function of the sensory endings within muscle spindles?
What is the primary function of the sensory endings within muscle spindles?
Which type of muscle fibres can connect to the same Golgi Tendon Organ?
Which type of muscle fibres can connect to the same Golgi Tendon Organ?
Where are Golgi Tendon Organs primarily located?
Where are Golgi Tendon Organs primarily located?
What mechanism causes the receptor potential in sensory endings of muscle spindles?
What mechanism causes the receptor potential in sensory endings of muscle spindles?
Which of the following descriptions accurately characterizes the M1 response?
Which of the following descriptions accurately characterizes the M1 response?
What is the primary function of the M2 response in the context of reflex actions?
What is the primary function of the M2 response in the context of reflex actions?
Which factor limits the effectiveness of the M3 response?
Which factor limits the effectiveness of the M3 response?
Which mechanoreceptors contribute specifically to the feedback provided about muscle length?
Which mechanoreceptors contribute specifically to the feedback provided about muscle length?
What is the primary role of Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) in muscle feedback?
What is the primary role of Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) in muscle feedback?
How does the M1 feedback loop function within the closed loop model?
How does the M1 feedback loop function within the closed loop model?
In terms of latency, how does the M3 response compare to the M1 and M2 responses?
In terms of latency, how does the M3 response compare to the M1 and M2 responses?
Which of the following accurately describes the latency range of the M2 response?
Which of the following accurately describes the latency range of the M2 response?
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Open-loop control
- Open-loop control relies on pre-programmed movements without feedback.
- Movements proceed once initiated without adjustments based on the outcome.
- Effective when conditions remain unchanged.
- Inefficient when unexpected changes occur.
Closed-loop control
- Closed-loop control involves feedback for error detection and correction.
- Sensory feedback is compared to the desired state.
- Differences (errors) trigger adjustments by updating the movement.
- Requires attention and time for processing feedback.
- Reflexes contribute to closed-loop control.
Types of feedback in closed loop control
- Muscle spindles contribute to feedback by sensing muscle length (stretch).
- Primary (Ia) endings sense rapid changes in muscle length.
- Secondary (II) endings sense steady-state length.
- Gamma efferent neurons adjust spindle sensitivity.
- Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) provide feedback about muscle force (tension).
- GTOs are located at muscle-tendon junctions.
- They signal changes in muscle tension through Ib afferent fibers.
Reflex responses in closed loop model
- M1 loop is the fastest reflex.
- Carries feedback about muscle length to the spinal cord (SC).
- Minimal involvement with higher brain centers.
- M2 loop (functional stretch reflex) is longer than M1.
- Carries feedback about muscle length and joint/body position.
- Involves higher brain centers.
- M3 loop is the slowest reflex.
- Involves the highest control centers (brain).
- Responsible for voluntary action and sustained adjustments.
Feedback Control: Closed Loop
- The CNS uses sensory information to control movement by comparing desired and actual states.
- Comparator: Detects differences (errors).
- Executive: Issues commands based on error signals from the comparator.
- Effector: Executes commands and performs the action.
Feedback sources
- Peripheral sensing of joint angles and skin deformation.
- Sensing of muscle length (spindles).
- Sensing of muscle forces generated by GTOs.
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