Control Process and Methods

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Questions and Answers

Which type of control primarily uses after-the-fact information to address deviations from standards?

Feedforward Control

Feedback Control (correct)

Normative Control

Concurrent Control

What is the main feature of feedforward control?

Enforcing rules and policies

Monitoring real-time performance

Using anticipatory information to prevent issues (correct)

Measuring output based on established standards

Which method of control relies on observable behaviors or results as performance measures?

Normative Control

Bureaucratic Control

Concertive Control

Objective Control (correct)

What distinguishes concurrent control from feedback control?

Concurrent control operates in real-time. Signup and view all the answers

Which control approach involves strong cultural influence to shape employee behavior?

Normative Control Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of benchmarking in control processes?

To compare performance with industry best practices Signup and view all the answers

Which type of control requires individuals to monitor their own goals and performance?

Self-Control Signup and view all the answers

What is a key downside of bureaucratic control methods?

They can be considered inflexible and top-down. Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective is NOT included in the Balanced Scorecard?

Employee perspective Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of teams?

Social loafing Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of team development is group conflict most likely to occur?

Storming Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of leadership style described in Path-Goal Theory?

Transformational Signup and view all the answers

What does 'make-to-order' in manufacturing operations refer to?

Producing products only when orders are received Signup and view all the answers

Which inventory management system focuses on maintaining minimum stock levels?

Just-In-Time (JIT) Signup and view all the answers

Fiedler's Contingency Theory suggests that leadership style effectiveness is dependent on what?

Situational favorableness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of team dynamics?

Task specialization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Just-in-Time (JIT) inventory system?

Reducing inventory levels by receiving materials only when needed Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inventory is referred to as 'goods that are partially completed'?

Work-in-Process Inventories Signup and view all the answers

What does the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) aim to minimize?

Total inventory costs Signup and view all the answers

Under Fiedler's Contingency Theory, which leadership style is likely to be most effective in highly favorable situations?

Task-oriented leadership Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style under Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory involves providing guidance and direction?

Telling Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Path-Goal Theory of leadership?

Clarifying paths to goals and increasing rewards Signup and view all the answers

Which inventory cost is associated with having excess stock that needs to be stored?

Holding cost Signup and view all the answers

In Normative Decision Theory, which decision style allows for full team involvement?

Group (GII) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of transformational leadership?

Inspiring followers to accept a shared vision Signup and view all the answers

What does the Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) Scale measure in Fiedler's Contingency Theory?

Leader-member relations orientation Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of transformational leadership?

Idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration Signup and view all the answers

Which inventory type includes materials required for production, but not yet processed?

Raw Materials Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inventory turnover indicates that inventory is sold and replaced frequently?

High turnover Signup and view all the answers

What does the Control Process involve in inventory management?

Setting standards, measuring performance, comparing it to standards, and taking corrective action Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the goal of Leadership Trait Theory?

Identify the specific traits associated with effective leaders Signup and view all the answers

What does Economic Value Added (EVA) measure?

A company's profitability considering the cost of capital Signup and view all the answers

Which type of team has the highest level of autonomy?

Self-Managing Team Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the tendency for individuals to exert less effort in a group compared to working alone?

Social loafing Signup and view all the answers

In what stage of team development do conflicts typically arise?

Storming Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal team size for effectiveness?

6-9 members Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines quality in the context of services?

Reliability, empathy, and responsiveness Signup and view all the answers

What does Total Quality Management (TQM) emphasize?

Customer focus and continuous improvement Signup and view all the answers

Which type of production involves creating goods only after receiving a customer order?

Make-to-Order Operation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of structural accommodation in team management?

Providing resources and support to teams Signup and view all the answers

Which ISO standard focuses on environmental management?

ISO 14000 Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cognitive conflict in team settings?

It promotes better decision-making Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of service recovery in business?

To restore customer satisfaction after failures Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'waste prevention and reduction' refer to in sustainability efforts?

Implementing strategies to minimize waste generation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of team cohesiveness?

Minimized communication among members Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Control Process

Control is a dynamic, continuous process monitoring performance against predetermined standards and taking corrective action.
Standards are predefined performance expectations, quantitative (e.g., sales targets) or qualitative (e.g., customer satisfaction). Benchmarking compares performance to industry best practices.
Feedback control uses after-the-fact information, reactive, may not prevent problems.
Concurrent control uses real-time information, taking immediate corrective action, proactive.
Feedforward control uses anticipatory information, preventative, most proactive.
Control loss occurs when performance deviates significantly and corrective action fails.
Regulation costs are associated with implementing and maintaining control systems.
Cybernetic feasibility considers organizational resources for control system implementation and maintenance.

Control Methods

Bureaucratic control relies on rules, policies, and procedures, inflexible, top-down.
Objective control measures performance based on observable behaviors or outputs (quantitative or qualitative). Behavior control focuses on actions; output control focuses on results.
Normative control shapes behavior through shared values, beliefs, and norms, organic approach relying on strong organizational culture.
Concertive control develops values, beliefs, rules within autonomous work groups, decentralized, empowering employees.
Self-control (self-management) involves individuals setting goals, monitoring performance, rewarding/punishing themselves, requiring self-discipline and motivation.

Controlling Behaviors, Processes, and Outcomes

Balanced Scorecard is a performance measurement system considering financial, customer, internal, and innovation/learning perspectives, providing a holistic view.
Suboptimization focuses on one aspect of performance at the expense of others; the balanced scorecard helps avoid this.
Economic Value Added (EVA) measures a company's profitability considering cost of capital, helping assess returns on investment.
Customer defections are customers leaving a company, monitoring provides valuable insights for improvement.
Quality is defined as excellence, value, and conformance to specifications, crucial for competitiveness.
Sustainability integrates environmental and social considerations in business operations, becoming increasingly important. Four levels include waste prevention, recycling, treatment, and disposal.

Managing Teams

Work teams achieve common goals, offering increased customer satisfaction, product quality, and employee satisfaction.
Disadvantages of teams include high turnover and social loafing (reduced individual effort in a group). Potential for groupthink in decision-making, sharing advantages and disadvantages.
Cross-training enables employees in multiple job roles, increasing flexibility and efficiency.
Team characteristics include norms (shared expectations/rules), cohesiveness (team member attraction & motivation to stay), and size (optimal is typically 6-9 members). Conflict is inevitable, cognitive (issue-related) is beneficial, affective (emotional) is detrimental. Teams typically go through forming, storming, norming, and performing stages; and potential reversion.
Enhancing team effectiveness requires structural accommodation (providing resources/support), and bureaucratic immunity (protection from excessive bureaucracy/interference). Individualism-collectivism and team diversity (in skills, perspectives) play roles in team efficiency.

Managing Service and Manufacturing Operations

Productivity measures efficiency of inputs to outputs, higher productivity means more output per input. Partial productivity measures output per unit of a single input, while multifactor productivity measures multiple input.
Quality in products is reliability, serviceability, and durability; whereas in service, it is reliability, tangibles, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. ISO standards (9000-quality management, 14000-environmental management) are relevant. Businesses use TQM (Total Quality Management) for improving product/service quality.
Internal service quality affects employee satisfaction which impacts customer satisfaction. Effective service recovery is crucial after failure -- empowering employees to handle it is essential.
Manufacturing operations are make-to-order, assemble-to-order, and make-to-stock production models; they demonstrate manufacturing flexibility. Production techniques include continuous-flow, line-flow, batch production, and job shops.
Inventory management involves raw materials, component parts, work-in-process, and finished goods, with concepts like average aggregate inventory, weeks of supply, inventory turnover, ordering costs, setup costs, holding costs, stockout costs, Economic Order Quantity (EOQ). JIT (Just-in-Time) and Kanban systems minimize inventory levels, whereas MRP (Material Requirements Planning) schedules goods production. Independent and dependent demand systems differ.

Leadership Styles and Theories

Leadership influences others towards organizational goals, focusing on doing the right thing, in contrast to managers focusing on doing things right.
Trait theory suggests effective leaders possess certain personality traits (drive, honesty, confidence, stability), however, these are insufficient by themselves.
Fiedler's Contingency Theory emphasizes leadership style effectiveness depends on the situation; task-oriented leaders excel in highly favorable/unfavorable situations, relationship-oriented leaders in moderately favorable situations. The LPC scale measures leadership orientation (relationship vs. task).
Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory matches leadership style (telling, selling, participating, delegating) to follower readiness (job & psychological readiness).
Path-Goal Theory suggests leaders clarify paths to goals and increase rewards. Styles include directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented leadership.
Normative Decision Theory helps leaders decide on degrees of employee participation in decision-making, including five decision styles (autocratic, consultative, group). Visionary leadership creates a future image, charismatic leadership inspires through personality/vision, and transformational leadership generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose. Transactional leadership focuses on leader/follower exchanges.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of the control process in organizations, including the dynamic nature of monitoring performance against standards. This quiz covers various control methods such as feedback, concurrent, and feedforward control, as well as the concept of regulation costs and cybernetic feasibility.