Continuous Processing in Manufacturing
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Continuous Processing in Manufacturing

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What is a key characteristic of continuous processing?

  • It ideally runs at steady state for most of the duration. (correct)
  • Material is separated from the bulk during processing.
  • It minimizes the need for capital investment.
  • It involves a sequence of batch processes.

    • What type of processing combines both continuous and batch processes?

  • Sequential processing
  • Mixed processing (correct)
  • Discrete processing
  • Continuous processing

    • Which of the following is NOT true about continuous processing?

  • It is less difficult to control than batch processing. (correct)
  • It requires higher capital investment.
  • The condition at the start may vary.
  • It is suitable for producing products in large quantities.

    • Which is a requirement for mixed processing between batch and continuous processes?

    <p>Buffer storage between the processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of continuous processing compared to batch processing?

    <p>Better utilization of production capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of processing operation involves minimal changes to the physical characteristics of the product?

    <p>Primary Processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a perishable crop?

    <p>Bananas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of hydrodynamics?

    <p>Fluid in motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is true regarding gases when compressed?

    <p>They change their state of matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the conservation of mass principle state?

    <p>Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a closed system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Newton's law of motion, what occurs when a force is applied?

    <p>An object will accelerate in the direction of the applied force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the rate of flow of fluid at any point in a system where conditions are stable?

    <p>It remains constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes liquids?

    <p>They are nearly incompressible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of flow meter relies on the motion of the fluid to operate?

    <p>Propeller Meter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which crop category is characterized by having a high moisture content of 30% or more and is prone to spoilage?

    <p>Perishable crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of agricultural processing?

    <p>Conversion to different food forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of processing do physical properties of the product change significantly, such as turning bananas into ketchup?

    <p>Secondary processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a pressure-gauge flow meter measure in gas flow?

    <p>Flow rate based on pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of processing examined in agricultural studies?

    <p>Quaternary processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of flow meters is activated by the motion of fluid?

    <p>Propeller Meter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of crop is typically harvested at low moisture content, around 20% to 30%?

    <p>Durable crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the mass flow rate of a fluid?

    <p>Q = A V d</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary unit for mass flow rate in the given context?

    <p>kg/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of energy is calculated using the formula Eh = w h?

    <p>Potential Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the symbol 'Ep' represent in the energy formulas?

    <p>Pressure Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is kinetic energy of a moving fluid expressed mathematically?

    <p>Ek = w (V^2 / 2g)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components contribute to the total hydraulic energy?

    <p>Potential energy, pressure energy, kinetic energy, and pump work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does friction have on total hydraulic energy?

    <p>It decreases total hydraulic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would the specific weight of a fluid be measured in?

    <p>kg/m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Darcy's formula primarily used for?

    <p>Determining friction loss in fluid flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the flow rate of granular materials change with the orifice diameter?

    <p>It changes with the cube of diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the Angle of Repose in granular materials?

    <p>The angle of a pile in relation to the horizontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does static pressure indicate in a fluid system?

    <p>Pressure resulting from fluid elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unit is typically used to express pressure at lower levels?

    <p>Inches of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation correctly relates psi and inches of water?

    <p>psi x 27.648 = inches of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is dynamic pressure defined?

    <p>Resulting from fluid's velocity change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the coefficient of friction in gravity-driven systems?

    <p>It establishes the minimum pitch of the conduit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Continuous Processing

    • Operates with materials moving continuously without separation.
    • Initial conditions may vary; however, later conditions tend to stabilize.
    • Maintains a steady state most of the time.
    • More complex to control than batch processing.
    • Involves significant capital for setup but maximizes production efficiency and minimizes operational costs.
    • Ideal for large-scale production operations like rice and feed milling.

    Mixed Processing

    • Combines continuous and batch processes in sequence.
    • Begins with a continuous process, followed by a batch, then concludes with continuous processing.
    • Necessitates buffer storage between batch and continuous phases.
    • Example includes feed milling where raw material sizing is followed by ingredient mixing, then pelleting.
    • In food production, processes like making banana catsup involve initial batch processing for mixing, followed by continuous heat treatment and packaging.

    Perishable Crops

    • Defined as crops with moisture content of 30% or more, including fruits, vegetables, dairy, meat, and fish.
    • Prone to rapid deterioration and spoilage.

    Categories of Processing Operations

    • Primary Processing: Minimal physical change; examples include drying and dehydration of grains.
    • Secondary Processing: Significant alteration of physical properties; includes converting fruits into purées or sauces.

    Basic Engineering Aspects

    • Hydrostatics: Examines fluids at rest, such as those in tanks.
    • Hydrodynamics: Studies fluids in motion and factors affecting flow rates and pressures.

    Classifications of Fluids

    • Gases: Compressible and may change state upon compression; examples include air and biogas.
    • Liquids: Incompressible with negligible volume change upon pressure; examples are water, oil, and milk.

    Analytical Basis of Fluid Systems

    • Conservation of Mass: Mass remains constant in a closed system through transformations.
    • Conservation of Energy: Total energy remains unchanged; energy transforms between forms.
    • Newton's Laws of Motion: Objects remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a force; action-reaction principle governs fluid movement.

    Rate of Flow

    • Fluid flow rate is constant and should show no accumulation within the system.
    • Mass flow rate formula: ( Q = A_1 V_1 d = A_2 V_2 d )

    Mechanical Energy Balance

    • Evaluates the energy present due to elevation (potential energy), pressure (pressure energy), and movement (kinetic energy).

    Potential Energy

    • Work done by fluid from a height expressed as ( E_h = w h ).

    Pressure Energy

    • Energy due to fluid pressure defined by ( E_p = \frac{144 w p}{d} ).

    Kinetic Energy

    • Energy associated with fluid movement using ( E_k = w \left(\frac{V^2}{2g}\right) ).

    Total Hydraulic Energy

    • Combined hydraulic energy includes potential, pressure, kinetic energy, and work done by pumps, balanced against losses due to friction.

    Friction Losses

    • Calculated using Darcy’s formula and significant in pipelines and processing equipment due to resistance encountered by fluid movement.

    Flow of Granular Materials

    • Flow rate relies on orifice diameter with a varying exponent; angle of repose depends on moisture and contaminants.

    Pressure and Velocity Measurements

    • Pressure heads are measured in various units depending on fluid type and conditions; static pressure arises from elevation, while dynamic pressure results from fluid velocity changes.

    Pressure Conversion

    • Various conversions exist to switch between units like psi, inches of water, and bar.

    Static vs. Dynamic Pressures

    • Static Pressure: Acts perpendicular to container walls due to elevation.
    • Dynamic Pressure: Related to velocity changes of the fluid.

    Flow Measurement Technologies

    • Propeller meters activate based on fluid motion; pressure-gauge flow meters measure gas flow by the pressure they create.

    Relevant Questions

    • Questions cover topics such as the classification of processing operations, definitions of perishable crops, and distinctions between agricultural processing and food processing practices.

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    Related Documents

    2024 - AFPELM - PPT - Chap01 - Introduction.pdf

    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of continuous processing in manufacturing systems. It highlights the characteristics, advantages, and challenges associated with continuous processing methods. Test your understanding of how these processes function and their implications for production efficiency.

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