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Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of continuous processing?
What is a key characteristic of continuous processing?
What type of processing combines both continuous and batch processes?
What type of processing combines both continuous and batch processes?
Which of the following is NOT true about continuous processing?
Which of the following is NOT true about continuous processing?
Which is a requirement for mixed processing between batch and continuous processes?
Which is a requirement for mixed processing between batch and continuous processes?
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What is a benefit of continuous processing compared to batch processing?
What is a benefit of continuous processing compared to batch processing?
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Which category of processing operation involves minimal changes to the physical characteristics of the product?
Which category of processing operation involves minimal changes to the physical characteristics of the product?
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Which of the following is an example of a perishable crop?
Which of the following is an example of a perishable crop?
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What is the primary focus of hydrodynamics?
What is the primary focus of hydrodynamics?
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Which is true regarding gases when compressed?
Which is true regarding gases when compressed?
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What does the conservation of mass principle state?
What does the conservation of mass principle state?
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According to Newton's law of motion, what occurs when a force is applied?
According to Newton's law of motion, what occurs when a force is applied?
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What happens to the rate of flow of fluid at any point in a system where conditions are stable?
What happens to the rate of flow of fluid at any point in a system where conditions are stable?
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Which statement correctly describes liquids?
Which statement correctly describes liquids?
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What type of flow meter relies on the motion of the fluid to operate?
What type of flow meter relies on the motion of the fluid to operate?
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Which crop category is characterized by having a high moisture content of 30% or more and is prone to spoilage?
Which crop category is characterized by having a high moisture content of 30% or more and is prone to spoilage?
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What is the primary focus of agricultural processing?
What is the primary focus of agricultural processing?
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In which type of processing do physical properties of the product change significantly, such as turning bananas into ketchup?
In which type of processing do physical properties of the product change significantly, such as turning bananas into ketchup?
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What does a pressure-gauge flow meter measure in gas flow?
What does a pressure-gauge flow meter measure in gas flow?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of processing examined in agricultural studies?
Which of the following is NOT a type of processing examined in agricultural studies?
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Which of the following types of flow meters is activated by the motion of fluid?
Which of the following types of flow meters is activated by the motion of fluid?
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Which type of crop is typically harvested at low moisture content, around 20% to 30%?
Which type of crop is typically harvested at low moisture content, around 20% to 30%?
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What is the formula used to calculate the mass flow rate of a fluid?
What is the formula used to calculate the mass flow rate of a fluid?
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What is the primary unit for mass flow rate in the given context?
What is the primary unit for mass flow rate in the given context?
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Which type of energy is calculated using the formula Eh = w h?
Which type of energy is calculated using the formula Eh = w h?
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What does the symbol 'Ep' represent in the energy formulas?
What does the symbol 'Ep' represent in the energy formulas?
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How is kinetic energy of a moving fluid expressed mathematically?
How is kinetic energy of a moving fluid expressed mathematically?
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What components contribute to the total hydraulic energy?
What components contribute to the total hydraulic energy?
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What impact does friction have on total hydraulic energy?
What impact does friction have on total hydraulic energy?
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What would the specific weight of a fluid be measured in?
What would the specific weight of a fluid be measured in?
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What is Darcy's formula primarily used for?
What is Darcy's formula primarily used for?
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How does the flow rate of granular materials change with the orifice diameter?
How does the flow rate of granular materials change with the orifice diameter?
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What defines the Angle of Repose in granular materials?
What defines the Angle of Repose in granular materials?
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What does static pressure indicate in a fluid system?
What does static pressure indicate in a fluid system?
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What unit is typically used to express pressure at lower levels?
What unit is typically used to express pressure at lower levels?
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Which equation correctly relates psi and inches of water?
Which equation correctly relates psi and inches of water?
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How is dynamic pressure defined?
How is dynamic pressure defined?
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What is the significance of the coefficient of friction in gravity-driven systems?
What is the significance of the coefficient of friction in gravity-driven systems?
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Study Notes
Continuous Processing
- Operates with materials moving continuously without separation.
- Initial conditions may vary; however, later conditions tend to stabilize.
- Maintains a steady state most of the time.
- More complex to control than batch processing.
- Involves significant capital for setup but maximizes production efficiency and minimizes operational costs.
- Ideal for large-scale production operations like rice and feed milling.
Mixed Processing
- Combines continuous and batch processes in sequence.
- Begins with a continuous process, followed by a batch, then concludes with continuous processing.
- Necessitates buffer storage between batch and continuous phases.
- Example includes feed milling where raw material sizing is followed by ingredient mixing, then pelleting.
- In food production, processes like making banana catsup involve initial batch processing for mixing, followed by continuous heat treatment and packaging.
Perishable Crops
- Defined as crops with moisture content of 30% or more, including fruits, vegetables, dairy, meat, and fish.
- Prone to rapid deterioration and spoilage.
Categories of Processing Operations
- Primary Processing: Minimal physical change; examples include drying and dehydration of grains.
- Secondary Processing: Significant alteration of physical properties; includes converting fruits into purées or sauces.
Basic Engineering Aspects
- Hydrostatics: Examines fluids at rest, such as those in tanks.
- Hydrodynamics: Studies fluids in motion and factors affecting flow rates and pressures.
Classifications of Fluids
- Gases: Compressible and may change state upon compression; examples include air and biogas.
- Liquids: Incompressible with negligible volume change upon pressure; examples are water, oil, and milk.
Analytical Basis of Fluid Systems
- Conservation of Mass: Mass remains constant in a closed system through transformations.
- Conservation of Energy: Total energy remains unchanged; energy transforms between forms.
- Newton's Laws of Motion: Objects remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a force; action-reaction principle governs fluid movement.
Rate of Flow
- Fluid flow rate is constant and should show no accumulation within the system.
- Mass flow rate formula: ( Q = A_1 V_1 d = A_2 V_2 d )
Mechanical Energy Balance
- Evaluates the energy present due to elevation (potential energy), pressure (pressure energy), and movement (kinetic energy).
Potential Energy
- Work done by fluid from a height expressed as ( E_h = w h ).
Pressure Energy
- Energy due to fluid pressure defined by ( E_p = \frac{144 w p}{d} ).
Kinetic Energy
- Energy associated with fluid movement using ( E_k = w \left(\frac{V^2}{2g}\right) ).
Total Hydraulic Energy
- Combined hydraulic energy includes potential, pressure, kinetic energy, and work done by pumps, balanced against losses due to friction.
Friction Losses
- Calculated using Darcy’s formula and significant in pipelines and processing equipment due to resistance encountered by fluid movement.
Flow of Granular Materials
- Flow rate relies on orifice diameter with a varying exponent; angle of repose depends on moisture and contaminants.
Pressure and Velocity Measurements
- Pressure heads are measured in various units depending on fluid type and conditions; static pressure arises from elevation, while dynamic pressure results from fluid velocity changes.
Pressure Conversion
- Various conversions exist to switch between units like psi, inches of water, and bar.
Static vs. Dynamic Pressures
- Static Pressure: Acts perpendicular to container walls due to elevation.
- Dynamic Pressure: Related to velocity changes of the fluid.
Flow Measurement Technologies
- Propeller meters activate based on fluid motion; pressure-gauge flow meters measure gas flow by the pressure they create.
Relevant Questions
- Questions cover topics such as the classification of processing operations, definitions of perishable crops, and distinctions between agricultural processing and food processing practices.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of continuous processing in manufacturing systems. It highlights the characteristics, advantages, and challenges associated with continuous processing methods. Test your understanding of how these processes function and their implications for production efficiency.