Continental and Oceanic Crust

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Questions and Answers

What geological feature is formed at divergent plate boundaries due to the thinning and fracturing of the lithosphere?

  • Subduction zones
  • Rift valleys (correct)
  • Volcanic arcs
  • Oceanic ridges

Which process directly contributes to the melting of rocks in the asthenosphere at divergent boundaries?

  • Increase in water content of the mantle
  • Introduction of sediments from erosion
  • Decrease in pressure as the lithosphere thins (correct)
  • Increase in pressure due to the formation of subduction zones

What type of crust can sometimes be drawn into a subduction zone along with oceanic crust?

  • Transform fault crust
  • Continental crust (correct)
  • Oceanic crust created at a mid-ocean ridge
  • Island arc crust

At which type of plate boundary is the creation of the crust most active?

<p>Divergent boundary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does magma that rises and fills fractures at divergent boundaries eventually contribute to the Earth's surface?

<p>By solidifying and creating new crust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is associated with the eventual subduction of continental crust?

<p>Weathering and erosion leading to sediment accumulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At divergent plate boundaries intersecting continents, what is the approximate rate of spreading that leads to the formation of a new ocean?

<p>6-7 mm/year (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What force primarily drives the thinning and fracturing of the lithosphere at divergent plate boundaries?

<p>Tensional stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between plate movement and mantle convection?

<p>Plate movement both drives and is influenced by mantle convection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tectonic plates are undergoing separation in the East African Rift Valley?

<p>The Nubian and Somalian Plates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary geological feature found at constructive plate margins?

<p>Ocean ridges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geological process directly results from the thinning of the lithosphere at divergent boundaries?

<p>The upward movement of magma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When continental crust undergoes weathering and erosion, what is the typical sequence of events before it might be drawn into a subduction zone?

<p>Weathering → erosion → sedimentation → subduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of what type of plate boundary and geological feature?

<p>Divergent boundary and oceanic ridge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the longest mountain range on Earth?

<p>16,000 km (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tectonic plates intersect at the location of Iceland?

<p>Eurasian and North American Plates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following geological features are commonly found in rift zones?

<p>Active volcanoes and deep lakes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the continuous addition of magma at divergent boundaries affect the age of the oceanic crust?

<p>The age of the crust decreases towards the ridge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated rate of plate growth per year along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

<p>2.5 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct result of magma rising to fill fractures at divergent boundaries?

<p>Creation of new oceanic crust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of East Africa contains the oldest and widest rifts, indicating a more extended period of tectonic activity?

<p>Ethiopia's Afar region (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Earth's longest mountain range located?

<p>Mid-ocean ridge system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological evidence supports the theory of seafloor spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

<p>Magnetic striping and age of oceanic crust (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of geological activity is common in areas like the East African Rift Valley, indicating ongoing crustal deformation?

<p>Active volcanoes and deep lakes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the consequences of divergent boundaries spreading through continental crust?

<p>The breakup of continents and the formation of new oceans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the decrease of pressure in asthenosphere that results in magma formation?

<p>Decrease in lithospheric thickness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process contributes to the cooling and solidification of magma into new crust at constructive plate margins?

<p>Contact with cold water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At constructive plate margins, which type of magma can rise and fill fractures?

<p>Fluid magma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tectonic setting is characterized by lithospheric extension, normal faulting, and volcanic activity?

<p>Rift zone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The East African Rift Valley, which is actively undergoing continental rifting, is characterized by which dominant fault style?

<p>Normal faulting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erosion processes primarily contribute to what aspect of continental crust interaction with plate tectonics?

<p>Transport and deposition of sediments into potential subduction zones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process by which solid rock in the upper mantle melts due to a decrease in pressure?

<p>Decompression melting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The separation of tectonic plates at mid-ocean ridges leads directly to which of the following?

<p>Seafloor spreading and creation of new oceanic crust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the process of subduction contribute to the rock cycle and mantle dynamics?

<p>By returning crustal material back into the mantle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature indicates that Iceland is a location with high geothermal activity?

<p>Active volcanoes and hot springs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the process of magma solidifying as a new crust?

<p>Oceanic ridges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Divergent Boundary

The layer of Earth where the lithosphere is thinning and cracking, often due to the effects of plate tectonics.

Continental Crust Cycle

The process where weathering and erosion lead to sediment, which undergoes subduction. May involve continental crust being dragged into a subduction zone with oceanic crust.

Decompression Melting

The process where the thinning lithosphere reduces pressures in the asthenosphere, melting rock into magma.

Magma Upwelling

Following the thinning and cracking of the lithosphere due to tension, this viscous solution rises and fills fractures, forming new crust as it makes contact with cool water.

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Mid-Ocean Ridge

This is where the longest mountain range in the world is located, at 16,000 km.

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East African Rift

A geological zone where the African continent is splitting into the Nubian and Somalian Plates.

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Iceland

A country bisected by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

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Study Notes

  • The images show both continental and oceanic crust.
  • Crust is formed at constructive plate boundaries and destroyed at destructive plate boundaries.
  • Continental crust undergoes weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and subduction.
  • Sometimes a piece of continental crust can be drawn into the subduction zone along with the oceanic crust.

Divergent Boundaries

  • At divergent boundaries, the lithosphere first thins and cracks due to tension.

  • Tension develops at subduction zones and is connected to mantle convection.

  • Thinning of the lithosphere reduces pressure in the asthenosphere, facilitating decompression melting of rocks into magma.

  • Liquid and relatively less dense magma can ascend and fill cracks.

  • Contact with cold water causes magma to solidify into new crust.

  • The world's longest mountain range stretches for 16,000 km.

  • Four tectonic plates meet at this range: the American, South American, Eurasian, and African plates.

  • The rate of growth is 2.5 cm per year.

  • The Mid-Atlantic Ridge intersects Iceland.

East African Rift

  • At divergent boundaries that cut across land, the rate of expansion is slower (6-7 mm/year), which can lead to the breakup of land and the formation of a new ocean.
  • The East African Rift is slowly causing the African plate to split into the Nubian and Somali plates.
  • A zone with many active volcanoes and deep lakes exist in the rift zone.
  • Lake Tanganyika, the second deepest lake in the world is located here.
  • Erta Ale in Ethiopia and Nyiragongo in the Democratic Republic of Congo are located here.
  • They account for 2/5 of the world's long-term active lava lakes

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